TL;DR: Peters et al. as discussed by the authors discussed the structure and properties of Titanium and Titanium Aluminides, and proposed a continuous fiber reinforced Titanium matrix composites (C.Leyens, et al.).
Abstract: Foreword.List of Contributors.1. Structure and Properties of Titanium and Titanium Alloys (M. Peters, et al.).2. Beta Titanium Alloys (G. Terlinde and G. Fischer).3. Orthorhombic Titanium Aluminides: Intermetallic with Improved Damage Tolerance (J. Kumpfert and C. Leyens).4. gamma-Titanium Aluminide Alloys: Alloy Design and Properties (F. Appel and M. Oehring).5. Fatigue of Titanium Alloys (L. Wagner and J.K. Bigoney).6. Oxidation and Protection of Titanium Alloys and Titanium Aluminides (C. Leyens).7. Titanium and Titanium Alloys - From Raw material to Semi-finished Products (H. Sibum).8. Fabrication of Titanium Alloys (M. Peters and C. Leyens).9. Investment Casting of Titanium (H.-P. Nicolai and Chr. Liesner).10. Superplastic Forming and Diffusion Bonding of Titanium and Titanium Alloys (W. Beck).11. Forging of Titanium (G. Terlinde, et al.).12. Continuous Fiber Reinforced Titanium matrix Composites: Fabrication, Properties and Applications (C. Leyens, et al.).13. Titanium Alloys for Aerospace Applications (M. Peters, et al.).14. Production, Processing and Application of gamma(TiAl)-Based Alloys (H. Kestler and H. Clemens).15. Non-Aerospace Applications of Titanium and Titanium Alloys (M. Peters and C. Leyens).16. Titanium and its Alloys for Medical Applications (J. Breme, et al.).17. Titanium in Dentistry (J. Lindigkeit).18. Titanium in Automotive Production (O. Schauerte).19. Offshore Applications for Titanium Alloys (L. Lunde and M. Seiersten).Subject Index.
TL;DR: In this paper, the comparative mechanical property data of five beta titanium alloys (TMZFTM, Ti-13Nb-13Zr, TIMETAL® 21SRx, Tiadyne 1610 and Ti-15Mo) are presented.
Abstract: The Ti-6Al-4V ELI alloy is still the main titanium alloy used for medical applications to date. To address the potential safety concerns over vanadium and aluminum, and the possible advantage of using a low modulus material to reduce stress shielding, the development of a low modulus biocompatible implant material was initiated in the United States in 1986. Five beta titanium alloys (TMZFTM, Ti-13Nb-13Zr, TIMETAL® 21SRx, Tiadyne 1610 and Ti-15Mo) are being proposed for surgical implant applications in the United States. Based on published data, the comparative mechanical property data of these beta titanium alloys are presented.
TL;DR: In this paper, the thermomechanical processing of beta titanium alloys in general and high temperature deformation mechanisms, microstructure control during TMP, and final mechanical properties in particular are reviewed.
Abstract: Thermomechanical processing (TMP) is associated with two major requirements: (i) to produce usable shapes through primary working (ingot breakdown) and secondary mill operations (hot rolling or forging) and (ii) to optimize mechanical properties through microstructure control during the different stages of the thermomechanical process. This paper reviews the thermomechanical processing of beta titanium alloys in general and high temperature deformation mechanisms, microstructure control during TMP, and final mechanical properties in particular.
TL;DR: In this article, a broad and extensive review of beta titanium alloys is provided, including phase stability, development history, thermo-mechanical processing and heat treatment, and stress-induced transformations.
Abstract: In this article, we provide a broad and extensive review of beta titanium alloys. Beta titanium alloys are an important class of alloys that have found use in demanding applications such as aircraft structures and engines, and orthopedic and orthodontic implants. Their high strength, good corrosion resistance, excellent biocompatibility, and ease of fabrication provide significant advantages compared to other high performance alloys. The body-centered cubic (bcc) β-phase is metastable at temperatures below the beta transus temperature, providing these alloys with a wide range of microstructures and mechanical properties through processing and heat treatment. One attribute important for biomedical applications is the ability to adjust the modulus of elasticity through alloying and altering phase volume fractions. Furthermore, since these alloys are metastable, they experience stress-induced transformations in response to deformation. The attributes of these alloys make them the subject of many recent studies. In addition, researchers are pursuing development of new metastable and near-beta Ti alloys for advanced applications. In this article, we review several important topics of these alloys including phase stability, development history, thermo-mechanical processing and heat treatment, and stress-induced transformations. In addition, we address recent developments in new alloys, phase stability, superelasticity, and additive manufacturing.
TL;DR: The class of titanium alloys generically referred to as the beta alloys is arguably the most versatile in the titanium family as mentioned in this paper, however, except for one very successful application (Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al on the SR-71), they have remained a very small segment of the industry.
Abstract: The class of titanium alloys generically referred to as the beta alloys is arguably the most versatile in the titanium family. Since these alloys offer the highest strength-to-weight ratios and deepest hardenability of all titanium alloys, one might expect them to compete favorably for a variety of aerospace applications. To the contrary, however, except for one very successful application (Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al on the SR-71), the beta alloys have remained a very small segment of the industry. As a perspective on this situation, this article reviews some past and present applications of titanium alloys. It also descibes some unique new alloys and applications that promise to reverse historical trends.