Topic
Bergius process
About: Bergius process is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 8 publications have been published within this topic receiving 93 citations.
Papers
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the liquefaction of varying feedstocks under conditions of the Bergius process of direct coal liquifaction by high pressure heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenolysis.
Abstract: As part of an ongoing project at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany, this work examines the liquefaction of varying feedstocks under conditions of the Bergius process of direct coal liquefaction by high pressure heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenolysis. Applying this process onto renewable resources like lignin and lignin-rich biomass has the potential to produce aromatic components for chemical industry. The performed experiments investigate the chemical conversion of different lignin types alongside samples of beech bark and beech wood fiber residues from pulp and paper industry using different heterogeneous catalysts and catalyst preparations. Reaction conditions such as catalyst concentration, temperature and concentration of sulfur were varied in order to optimize the conditions of liquefaction for the chosen setup. It will be shown that lignin and lignin-rich biomass can be liquefied under conditions of direct coal liquefaction using molybdic acid and sulfidic iron catalysts. The liquid oil product can be obtained in good yields up to 60% mass fraction of the input feedstock, consisting of alkylated phenols and alkyl benzenes while removing the majority of hetero atomic functional groups. This can be achieved while producing only a minimal amount of solid residue, reaction water and a valuable gas byproduct.
39 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a slow increase of temperature during the pervaporation process is proposed, as this promotes post-hydrolysis of the sugars, and the use of this new technology in conjunction with the original Bergius process could improve the performance of the latter.
Abstract: Polyester reinforced PTFE membranes with a nominal pore size of 0.02 μm are very effective in pervaporating HCl gas from hydrochloric acid solutions and cellulose hydrolysates. The efficiency of such membranes, which may be as high as 1.8x10−2 mmol HCl min−1 cm−2 at 40°C, is almost independent of the flow rate and the static pressure of the acidic solution but depends strongly on the acid concentration. At an acid concentration of 26% (w/v) the pervaporation of HCl is negligible at 40°C, but can be accelerated by increasing the temperature. A slow increase of temperature during the pervaporation process is proposed, as this promotes post-hydrolysis of the sugars. Lithium chloride induces structural changes in the membrane which increase efficiency without compromising performance. The use of this new technology in conjunction with the original Bergius process could improve the performance of the latter and reduce its overall costs. The use of the improved process for the hydrolysis of sugar cane bagasse could double the yields of sugar or alcohol per hectare of planted sugar cane.
9 citations
1 Aug 1976
TL;DR: The development of the Exxon coal liquefaction process over 10 years is described in this article, where the donor solvent is produced in a separate, fixed bed, catalytic hydrogenation step.
Abstract: The development of the Exxon coal liquefaction process over 10 years is described. Exxon is using lower temperatures and lower pressures (approximately 100 bar) than were used in the Bergius process. The donor solvent is produced in a separate, fixed bed, catalytic hydrogenation step. Early research was broad in scope including, both hydrogenated and unhydrogenated recycle solvent studies. Alternate solids/liquids separation studies were tested (vacuum distillation was chosen). Work progressed with a pilot plant converting 1 ton/day, detailed solvent characterization, solvent hydrogenation research, and product characterization and possible product variations. Products are naphtha and fuel oil with some choice of proportions of each. Efficiency of the process is about 50 percent using the method of calculation given. Now, a 250 ton/day pilot plant is being designed. The 250-ton/day pilot plant size would allow us to establish commercial-scale equipment reliability and design criteria, to obtain engineering data for confident scaleup, to confirm process performance on a larger scale, and to establish key operability constraints. Engineering scaleup data are required particularly in those parts of the coal liquefaction plant that involve multiphase operation with coal-derived slurries. In this category, we can list slurry pumping and heating, slurry furnace operation, liquefaction reactor engineering,more » slurry fractionation, and handling of liquefaction residue. (LTN)« less
3 citations
2 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the role of catalysts in the conversion of heavy carbonaceous feeds like coal of petroleum residues was progressively identified, and the desired properties were established: small particle size, resistance to agglomeration and low cost.
Abstract: Bergius process for coal liquefaction was patented one century ago. It constituted the first application of dispersed phase catalysts in slurry reactors, considered as once-through disposable solids. Starting from waste materials as additive, the role of catalysts in the conversion of heavy carbonaceous feeds like coal of petroleum residues was progressively identified. Cracking activity was initially considered as necessary, but it was later recognized that hydrogenation activity is essential. The desired properties were established: small particle size, resistance to agglomeration and low cost. Synthesis methods for the production of dispersed phase catalysts are reviewed. Based on historical developments, prospective ways are proposed for improving efficiency of existing conversion processes.
Related Topics (5)
Performance Metrics
| Year | Papers |
|---|---|
| 2020 | 1 |
| 2017 | 1 |
| 2014 | 2 |
| 2010 | 1 |
| 2007 | 1 |
| 1994 | 1 |