Abstract: The relationship between bend—contour patterns in electron micrographs and sample crystallography, buckling, and orientation is examined in the case of cylindrical bending. The principles, determining the structure of extinction contour patterns (sequence, spacing), with the bend axis deflected from the perpendicular direction to the electron beam and the reciprocal lattice plane (which provides the observed reflections) deflected from the film plane, are set forth. Relationships between the bending radius and the contour spacing, from which earlier known formulae may be derived as a particular case, are established. The established principles are demonstrated on thinfilm hexagonal selenium crystals and may serve as a basis for the study of more complex cases of bending. [Russian Text Ignored.]

Abstract: A rotary draw bending machine employs a stack of bending dies 22 of different curvatures, forming part of a bend head 18 that is entirely mounted on the forward end of the machine bed 10 for bi-directional lateral and vertical motion so that without changing the position of the centerline of the pipe 16 to be bent, it may be formed by bend dies of different curvature. The entire bend head 18 is shiftable laterally to enable the bend dies to clear the pipe 16 as the dies move vertically to position another die. A single pressure die 20, which is mounted on the movable bend head 18, is mounted for vertical movement relative to the bend head so that it can be positioned in alignment with the pipe.

Abstract: The shock prod comprises a circuit for producing high-voltage electrical pulses. The circuit is mounted in a housing and communicates electrically with two conductors integral with a prod extension. The prod extension extends from the housing in a fixed predetermined direction with respect to the housing. The extension is elongated in the fixed direction, terminates in a free end, and is generally flat with a high width-to-thickness ratio, having sufficiently high flexural rigidity and buckling resistance to avoid excessive deflection or deformation in use. With this novel configuration, the extension is constrained to bend in a preferred plane parallel to the thickness dimension. Loads applied in the other planes produce torsional deflection so as to allow bending in this preferred deflection plane. This wide, thin cross-section permits a wide electrode spacing simultaneously with a thin bending surface, resulting in the following: A minimum bending radius which greatly reduces instances of breakage; allows electrification and desired electrode spacing over any desired portion of the prod extension; eliminates need for separate electrode mounting hardware; remains operational even if the extension is snapped in two, when a sufficient electrode-conductor spacing geometry exists along the length of the prod extension.

Abstract: A rotary compression bending machine comprises a radius die, a wiper die, and a flexible ball mandrel. Hydraulic cylinders are provided to simultaneously drive the wiper die around the radius die and to draw the ball mandrel through the tubing in order to reform the tubing while bending. The reformed tube will be wrinkle and distortion free around the bend radius.

Abstract: An improved method and apparatus for proportionately metering and selectively applying lubricant to the inner surface of a conduit as a function of the conduit curvature, to facilitate subsequent pulling of cables therethrough, is disclosed. A spreading device, when pulled through "straight" conduit sections, meters and applies lubricant in longitudinally extending spaced strips of uniform thickness around the inner circumference of the conduit. Upon approaching a curvature or bend in the conduit, pulling tension force vectors transmitted to the spreading device in the radial direction tilt the spreading device to non-concentric alignment in the conduit, causing the spreader to disproportionately apply increased quantities of lubricant to that surface of the conduit having a shorter bend radius, where such lubricant is most needed to reduce frictional sidewall forces applied to the pulled cables. When tilted, the spreader simultaneously reduces the amount of lubricant applied to the conduit wall having the longer bend radius, where such lubricant is needed least. The spreading device is of symmetrical construction, having a frusto-conical forward section, a cylindrical trailing portion and a plurality of inclined rib members that perform the lubricant metering functions. The spreader device is sized and configured to provide the desired lubricant application functions. Use of the spreading device and method of this invention enables accurate predictions to be made on the volume of lubricant that will be needed to fully complete a conduit lubrication application, even over conduits of extended length and having multiple curvatures and bends.

Abstract: The supporting system for the tubes of a heating coil for an underfloor heating system uses rectangular plates with edges shaped so that they can be interlocked to form a large area corresponding to the size of the room. Each plate carries a pattern of projections (13) which guide the tube (14) so that a coil of a required shape can be supported and guided. This shape includes round portions and straight portions, the latter being parallel or diagonal to the sides of the plate. These projections can be approximately triangular, the base (20) of each triangle being convex with a small point (22) projecting from the centre. The wall of the tube is then gripped between pairs of these convex faces, assisted by the points. The tubes are also guided between the narrow rounded tips (23) at the base of each triangle. The spacing of these projections matches the minimum permissible bend radius for the tube. Another design uses pear shaped projections.

Abstract: Some practical and theoretical aspects of a V-grooved cylindrical cable (high performance optical fiber cable) are now being developed in several countries. Design of cables is important, because bendings may cause distortions. In order to limit micro-bending losses in an optical fiber cable, it is possible to modify parameters relating to the fiber or the cable. Some of the possibilities are: to decrease the core diameter in order to decrease the attenuation coefficient; to increase the diameter of the cladding so as to increase the tension above which micro-bendings occur; to increase the continuous bending radius due to cabling; to decrease the effects of roughness (μ); to integrate the effects of roughness as much as possible by decreasing the Young modulus of the coating and of the cable material and by increasing the cladding thickness; and to suppress the tension T of the fiber in the cable. The cabling element is made of a V-grooved cylindrical core, in which the fiber with an outside dia...

Abstract: Cracks in the host material have posed a problem in the fabrication of high-M.A. silica fibers. This paper examines a high-NA fiber with a graded refractive index profile to prevent these cracks. A high-N.A. (= 0.39) graded fiber was fabricated by the MCVD method, in which the accumulation temperature is varied in accordance with the difference in composition of the core glass film. A method was developed for generating a host material with high-N.A. and low losses. We realized a loss of 2.49 dB/km (at the measured wavelength of 1.67 μm) and a relative index of refraction difference Δ = 3.3%. For the core materials GeO2 - P2O5 - SiO2 and P2O5 - SiO2 we experimentally found a relation between the relative index difference Δ and the loss. Rayleigh scattering, structural imperfection scattering and OH absorption were examined for the propagation loss characteristics. At longer wavelengths, the Rayleigh scattering and the OH absorption can be reduced and the high N.A. fiber is more practical. When Δ is larger than 3%, the structural imperfection loss increases rapidly and it is necessary to improve the processing. For the bending loss the number of windings, the bending radius and the Δ dependence are derived. For a bend diameter R, the bending loss was found to be (1/R)1.31 exp (−k Δ).

Abstract: PURPOSE:To bend a flat glass at a small bending radius without causing the elongation or cracks at the suspended part of the glass, by dividing the bending part of the male mold which supports the bending part of the glass heated at a higher temperature than the other part of the glass. CONSTITUTION:A flat glass G is heated homogeneously near the softening point as a whole, and the part to be bent is further heated at a temperature higher than that of the other part by several tens degrees. The whole glass is suspended with a suspending device 21, and inserted between the female mold 1 and the male mold 10. The cylinders 9 and 20 are actuated to press the glass G with the molds 1 and 10. The bending part 5 of the female mold is bent around the hinge 4 with the cylinder 8 to press and bend the part under the bending line 2 of the glass G until the glass is made to contact with the slant face 12 of the male mold. The receiving mold part 13 is retreated by the action of the cylinder 19 to separate the slant face 12 from the glass G, and the pressing mold parts 3 and 11 are retreated to separate the bent glass from the molds. By this procedure, a bent glass sheet having accurate dimensions can be produced in high efficiency.

Abstract: PURPOSE:To increase the degree of freedom of an excessive part of length and to arrange and sectionalize an excessive-length optical fiber easily by looping the excessive-length part of the optical fiber to a radius greater than the permissible bending radius of the optical fiber, and sandwiching the looped part between sheet members. CONSTITUTION:Optical fiber cables 11 and 12 are fixed in a connection box 60 by cable saddles 71 and 72 and their cable terminals are treated to obtain lead optical fibers 21 and 22, which are connected together. Then, this connection part and fiber excessive-length part 23 are looped to the radius greater than the permissible bending radius and enclosed in a bag-shaped plastic sheet 40, which is fixed to the connection box 60 with screws 50. Consequently, the connection part 30 and excessive-length part 23 of the optical fibers never project to be caught between a lid and the connection box 60, and even when plural optical fibers are connected, excessive-length parts are enclosed independently corresponding to respective connection points, facilitating maintenance.

Abstract: The device for fixing a pipe bend (6) is intended for laying floor-heating systems. The device has a securing means (1) which is in the form of a plate and has a bent border (2). A depression (5) extending over the periphery of the border (2) is used to receive the pipe bend (6), which is laid around the plate (1). The pipe bend is fixed on the border (2) by means of clamps (7) which can be snapped in. The device permits pre-assembly of the floor-heating system. Since the pipe is fixed on the plates, the floor-heating system pre-assembled at the factory can be transported to its use location in packed-up form and can be opened out again at said location.

Abstract: The heat-insulation cladding is for a pipe bend, and comprises a bend of suitable material such as mineral fibre and with a slot in the outside running for its entire length, the sides of which can be spread apart to allow fitting over the pipe bend. In the peripheral direction of the insulating bend (1), its outside surface (5) is continuous, apart from the single slot (2) for nearly 360 deg. The slot can be produced by cutting into a previously formed hollow bend of insulating material, and can run in a straight line and pref. in the plane of the bend.

Abstract: This report describes the successful development of flexible gas-insulated cable for power transmission applications from 138 to 345 kV; culminating in the manufacture, test, and shipment of an 80-meter prototype 345-kV 1000-MVA cable to Waltz Mill for long term testing. The use of corrugated aluminum for the conductor and sheath permits a bend radius of 8.5 times the cable radius to allow reeling of the cable for shipment of long lengths by truck or rail. The successful installation and test of an earlier prototype cable at Waltz Mill is described. A machine to continuously produce corrugated-tubing was designed, fabricated and installed in its own building to serve as the basic tool with which to develop methods to permit continuous production of cable. A two-piece injection-molded insulating spacer was developed to permit continuous economical cable production. Numerous tests have demonstrated the outstanding dielectric properties of the basic material and the insulator design. A series of tables and graphs is presented to facilitate determination of current carrying capacity under various conditions for above-ground and underground installations. Continued effort is recommended to extend the technology to 500 kV with further improvements in the manufacturing process, leading to a demonstration project with the installationmore » and operation of a 3-phase flexible SF/sub 6/ power transmission cable.« less

Abstract: This paper describes the optical cord and stranded cable used in cable transmission systems, stations or relays. The allowable stress, bending radius and lateral load of the fiber core are explained first, and then component designs are presented that ensure these characteristics. Tensile strength requirements on the optical cable necessitate using a cord of more than 5,500 denier and a central steel wire with 1-mm radius. On the basis of the deformation of the PVC sheath due to lateral load, the standard outer diameter of the cable is determined to be 3 mm. The buckling phenomenon of nylon pipe is discussed as it applies to a tube-type cord, and it is shown that the Young's modulus of the pipe must be below 70 Kg/mm2. The transmission properties, strain, tensile and bending properties of cords and cables, fabricated on the basis of the above-described design satisfy the desired objectives, confirming the effectiveness of the design.

Abstract: PURPOSE:To provide a zig-zag formed arrangement of the pipes substantially in a common plame without using any small diameter bent pipes by a method wherein one pipe is off-set bent at its returning area so as to cross with the other pipe and the other pipe is arranged between the bent parts of a single pipe of each of the systems. CONSTITUTION:The first and fourth pipes 7, 10 to be arranged at both outsides thereof are off-set bent so as to cross with the other pipe, at least one or more of the other pipes are positioned between the bent parts of the pipe, and a bending radius of the bent back part is made to be a sufficient radius for enabling a cold bending operation. The pipe 7 is bent formed to raise from a working plane toward a slant upward direction, is not interfered with U-shaped parts of the pipes 8, 9 and kept parallel thereto, further the pipe 7 is bent formed toward a slant downward direction at a point where it is not interfered with the U-shaped parts of the pipes 8, 9, then the pipe 7 is arranged in a common plane.