Abstract: Introduction: Autonomy refigured PART 1: AUTONOMY AND THE SOCIAL 1. Autonomy, social disruption and women 2. Autonomy and the social self 3. Feeling crazy: self worth and the social character of responsibility 4. Autonomy and the feminist intuition 5. Individuals, responsibility and the philosophical imagination 6. Imagining oneself otherwise 7. Intersectional identity and the authentic self?: Opposites attract 8. The perversion of autonomy and the subjection of women: discourses of social advocacy at century's end PART II: RELATIONAL AUTONOMY IN CONTEXT 9. Choice and control in feminist bioethics 10. Autonomy and interdependence: quandaries in genetic decision-making 11. Relational autonomy, self-trust, and health care for patients who are oppressed 12. Relational autonomy and freedom of expression

Abstract: Americans now live in a time and a place in which freedom and autonomy are valued above all else and in which expanded opportunities for self-determination are regarded as a sign of the psychological well-being of individuals and the moral well-being of the culture. This article argues that freedom, autonomy, and self-determination can become excessive, and that when that happens, freedom can be experienced as a kind of tyranny. The article further argues that unduly influenced by the ideology of economics and rational-choice theory, modern American society has created an excess of freedom, with resulting increases in people's dissatisfaction with their lives and in clinical depression. One significant task for a future psychology of optimal functioning is to deemphasize individual freedom and to determine which cultural constraints are necessary for people to live meaningful and satisfying lives.

Abstract: Abstract This collection of original essays explores the social and relational dimensions of individual autonomy. Rejecting the feminist charge that autonomy is inherently masculinist, the contributors draw on feminist critiques of autonomy to challenge and enrich contemporary philosophical debates about agency, identity, and moral responsibility. The essays analyse the complex ways in which oppression can impair an agent’s capacity for autonomy, and investigate connections, neglected by standard accounts, between autonomy and other aspects of the agent, including self-conception, self-worth, memory, and the imagination.

Abstract: 1. Citizenship in Diverse Societies: an introduction PART I: CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION AND RELIGIOUS DIVERSITY 2. Discrimination and Religious Schooling 3. Extending Diversity: Religion in Public and Private Education PART II: POLITICAL PARTICIPATION AND GROUP REPRESENTATION 4. What Does a Representative Do? Descriptive Representation in Communicative Settings of Distrust, Uncrystallized Interests, and Historically Denigrated Status 5. The Uneasy Alliance of Deliberative Democracy and Group Representation PART III: IMMIGRATION, IDENTITY AND MULTICULTURALISM 6. Cultural Identity and Civic Responsibility 7. Anti-Essentialism, Multiculturalism and the Recognition of Religious Groups PART IV: GENDER AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY 8. Should Church and State be Joined at the Altar: Women's Rights and the Multicultural Dilemma 9. Female Autonomy and Cultural Imperative: Two Hearts Beating Together PART V: LANGUAGE RIGHTS 10. Official Language Rights: Intrinsic Value and the Protection of Difference 11. Citizenship and Official Bilingualism in Canada PART VI: THE RIGHTS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES 12. Three Modes of Incorporating Indigenous Law 13. Landed Citizenship: Narratives of Aboriginal Political Participation PART VII: FEDERALISM AND NATIONALISM 14. Sustainable Federalism, Democratisation and Distributive Justice 15. Why Stay Together: A Pluralist Approach to Secession and Federation

Abstract: This article explores contemporary self-help literature as a strategy for enlisting subjects in the pursuit of self-improvement and autonomy. Appropriating democratic liberalism's and neo-liberalism's ways of seeing the individual and the social world, self-help promotes the idea that a good citizen cares for herself or himself best by evading or denying social relations. Yet a hyper-responsible self, the result of self-help practice, is intrinsically linked to the governmental management of populations, and so to less individual autonomy rather than more.

Abstract: Interventions in the quality of research training provided in universities today focus largely on educating supervisors and monitoring their performance as well as student progress. More private than any other scene of teaching and learning, postgraduate supervision-and more generally the pedagogic practices of the PhD-has largely remained unscrutinised and unquestioned. This article explores the problematic character of ideas of autonomy and the independent scholar that underpin the traditional practices of postgraduate pedagogy, particularly in the humanities and social sciences disciplines. These ideas are found to guide the practices of several different models of the supervisory relationship, whether they be of a pastoral care or more distant kind. The gendered character of the ideas of autonomy and the subject of knowledge that underlie these practices of postgraduate pedagogy are examined, as is the paradoxical nature of the processes of the production of the autonomous scholar self. The article co...

Abstract: Editors Foreword A Note On The Texts Introduction: Modern Moral Philosophy, 1600-1800 1. A Difference between Classical and Modern Moral Philosophy 2. The Main Problem of Greek Moral Philosophy 3. The Background of Modern Moral Philosophy 4. The Problems of Modem Moral Philosophy 5. The Relation between Religion and Science 6. Kant on Science and Religion 7. On Studying Historical Texts HUME I. Morality Psychologized and the Passions 1. Background: Skepticism and the Fideism of Nature 2. Classification of the Passions 3. Outline of Section 3 of Part III of Book II 4. Hume's Account of (Nonmoral) Deliberation: The Official View II. Rational Deliberation and the Role of Reason 1. Three Questions about Hume's Official View 2. Three Further Psychological Principles 3. Deliberation as Transforming the System of Passions 4. The General Appetite to Good 5. The General Appetite to Good: Passion or Principle? III. Justice as an Artificial Virtue 1. The Capital of the Sciences 2. The Elements of Hume's Problem 3. The Origin of Justice and Property 4. The Circumstances of Justice 5. The Idea of Convention Examples and Supplementary Remarks 6. Justice as a Best Scheme of Conventions 7. The Two Stages of Development IV. The Critique of Rational Intuitionism 1. Introduction 2. Some of Clarke's Main Claims 3. The Content of Right and Wrong 4. Rational Intuitionism's Moral Psychology 5. Hume's Critique of Rational Intuitionism 6. Hume's Second Argument: Morality Not Demonstrable V. The Judicious Spectator 1. Introduction 2. Hume's Account of Sympathy 3. The First Objection: The Idea of the Judicious Spectator 4. The Second Objection: Virtue in Rags Is Still Virtue 5. The Epistemological Role of the Moral Sentiments 6. Whether Hume Has a Conception of Practical Reason 7. The Concluding Section of the Treatise Appendix: Hume's Disowning the Treatise LEIBNIZ I. His Metaphysical Perfectionism 1. Introduction 2. Leibniz's Metaphysical Perfectionism 3. The Concept of a Perfection 4. Leibniz's Predicate-in-Subject Theory of Truth 5. Some Comments on Leibniz's Account of Truth II. Spirits As Active Substances: Their Freedom 1. The Complete Individual Concept Includes Active Powers 2. Spirits as Individual Rational Substances 3. True Freedom 4. Reason, Judgment, and Will 5. A Note on the Practical Point of View KANT I. Groundwork: Preface And Part I 1. Introductory Comments 2. Some Points about the Preface: Paragraphs 11-13 3. The Idea of a Pure Will 4. The Main Argument of Groundwork I 5. The Absolute Value of a Good Will 6. The Special Purpose of Reason 7. Two Roles of the Good Will II. The Categorical Imperative: The First Formulation 1. Introduction 2. Features of Ideal Moral Agents 3. The Four-Step CI-Procedure 4. Kant's Second Example: The Deceitful Promise 5. Kant's Fourth Example: The Maxim of Indifference 6. Two Limits on Information 7. The Structure of Motives III. THE CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE: THE SECOND FORMULATION 1. The Relation between the Formulations 2. Statements of the Second Formulation 3. Duties of Justice and Duties of Virtue 4. What Is Humanity? 5. The Negative Interpretation 6. The Positive Interpretation 7. Conclusion: Remarks on Groundwork 11:46-49 IV. THE CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE: THE THIRD FORMULATION 1. Gaining Entry for the Moral Law 2. The Formulation of Autonomy and Its Interpretation 3. The Supremacy of Reason 4. The Realm of Ends 5. Bringing the Moral Law Nearer to Intuition 6. What Is the Analogy? V. THE PRIORITY OF RIGHT AND THE OBJECT OF THE MORAL LAW 1. Introduction 2. The First Three of Six Conceptions of the Good 3. The Second Three Conceptions of the Good 4. Autonomy and Heteronomy 5. The Priority of Bight 6. A Note on True Human Needs VI. Moral Constructivism 1. Rational Intuitionism: A Final Look 2. Kant's Moral Constructivism 3. The Constructivist Procedure 4. An Observation and an Objection 5. Two Conceptions of Objectivity 6. The Categorical Imperative: In What Way Synthetic A Priori? VII. THE FACT OF REASON 1. Introduction 2. The First Fact of Reason Passage 3. The Second Passage: 5-8 of Chapter 1 of the Analytic 4. The Third Passage: Appendix I to Analytic I, Paragraphs 8-15 5. Why Kant Might Have Abandoned a Deduction for the Moral Law 6. What Kind of Authentication Does the Moral Law Have? 7. The Fifth and Sixth Fact of Reason Passages 8. Conclusion VIII. The Moral Law as the Law of Freedom 1. Concluding Remarks on Constructivism and Due Reflection 2. The Two Points of View 3. Kant's Opposition to Leibniz on Freedom 4. Absolute Spontaneity 5. The Moral Law as a Law of Freedom 6. The Ideas of Freedom 7. Conclusion IX. THE MORAL PSYCHOLOGY OF THE RELIGION, BOOK I 1. The Three Predispositions 2. The Free Power of Choice 3. The Rational Representation of the Origin of Evil 4. The Manichean Moral Psychology 5. The Roots of Moral Motivation in Our Person X. The Unity Of Reason 1. The Practical Point of View 2. The Realm of Ends as Object of the Moral Law 3. The Highest Good as Object of the Moral Law 4. The Postulates of Vernunftglaube 5. The Content of Reasonable Faith 6. The Unity of Reason HEGEL I. His Rechtsphilosophie 1. Introduction 2. Philosophy as Reconciliation 3. The Free Will 4. Private Property 5. Civil Society II. Ethical Life and Liberalism 1. Sitttichkeit: The Account of Duty 2. Sittlickkeit: The State 3. Sittlichkeit: War and Peace 4. A Third Alternative 5. Hegel's Legacy as a Critic of Liberalism Appendix: Course Outline

Abstract: This study explores how autonomy at the individual and the group levels directly affect group cohesiveness, and how they indirectly influence group effectiveness. Hypotheses suggesting that individual and group autonomy will be oppositely related to cohesiveness are supported in data collected from a large sample of work groups in two separate organizations. Also supported are hypotheses suggesting a group cohesiveness/group performance orientation interaction as a mediator of the relationships between autonomy at both levels and group effectiveness. The findings highlight the importance of considering autonomy at both individual and group levels simultaneously when designing work groups that incorporate autonomy. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Abstract: It has been argued that Kant's all-consuming efforts to place autonomy at the center of philosophy have had, in the long-run, the unintended effect of leading to the widespread discrediting of philosophy and of undermining the notion of autonomy itself. The result of this 'Copernican revolution' has seemed to many commentators the de-centring, if not the self-destruction, of the autonomous self. In this major reinterpretation of Kant and the post-Kantian response to his critical philosophy, Karl Ameriks argues that such a view of Kant rests on a series of misconceptions. By providing the first systematic study of the underlying structure of the reaction to Kant's critical philosophy in the writings of Reinhold, Fichte and Hegel, Karl Ameriks challenges the presumptions that dominate popular approaches to the concept of freedom, and to the interpretation of the relation between the Enlightenment, Kant and post-Kantian thought.

Abstract: In the United States, proposals for informational privacy have proved enormously controversial. On a political level, such proposals threaten powerful data processing interests. On a theoretical level, data processors and other data privacy opponents argue that imposing restrictions on the collection, use, and exchange of personal data would ignore established understandings of property, limit individual freedom of choice, violate principles of rational information use, and infringe data processors' freedom of speech. In this article, Professor Julie Cohen explores these theoretical challenges to informational privacy protection. She concludes that categorical arguments from property, choice, truth, and speech lack weight, and mask fundamentally political choices about the allocation of power over information, cost, and opportunity. Each debate, although couched in a rhetoric of individual liberty, effectively reduces individuals to objects of choices and trades made by others. Professor Cohen argues, instead, that the debate about data privacy protection should be grounded in an appreciation of the conditions necessary for individuals to develop and exercise autonomy in fact, and that meaningful autonomy requires a degree of freedom from monitoring, scrutiny, and categorization by others. The article concludes by calling for the design of both legal and technological tools for strong data privacy protection.

Abstract: Courts, policy makers and scholars have long struggled with the question of how to allocate educational control between parents and the state, particularly where parents' preferences are religiously motivated. While the debate reflects a broad range of viewpoints, these viewpoints share a common blind spot: They focus on the state's interest in imparting certain knowledge and skills, and ignore the state's interest in facilitating interactions among ideologically diverse peers. This paper argues that, particularly for older adolescents, the nature of their peer interactions has a far bigger impact on their development than does the content of their curriculum. Drawing on the psychological literature of child development, the paper suggests that exposing these older adolescents to ideologically unlike peers will facilitate identity development that best balances their interest in maintaining a sense of affiliation with their parent's religious community, on the one hand, and their interest in exercising autonomy in the making of religious choices, on the other. The paper raises questions about the appropriateness of home schooling and even private religious schools in the late teenage years, and considers measures short of prohibiting such forms of education that might encourage ideological mixing among these students.

Abstract: 1. Seaward Sweep: The Chinese in Southeast Asia 2. The Sojourners' Way 3. The Multicultural Quest for Autonomy Notes Index

Abstract: Abstract Is there a limit to the legitimate demands of morality? In particular, is there a limit to people’s responsibility to promote the well-being of others, either directly or via social institutions? Utilitarianism admits no such limit, and is for that reason often said to be an unacceptably demanding moral and political view. In this original new study, Murphy argues that the charge of excessive demands amounts to little more than an affirmation of the status quo. The real problem with utilitarianism is that it makes unfair demands on people who comply with it in our world of non-ideal compliance. Murphy shows that this unfairness does not arise on a collective understanding of our responsibility for others’ well being. Thus, according to Murphy, while there is no general problem to be raised about the extent of moral demands, there is a pressing need to acknowledge the collective nature of the demands of beneficence.

Abstract: 1. Autonomy to manage ethnic conflicts Yash Ghai 2. Federalism and diversity in Canada Ronald Watts 3. Federalism and diversity in India Vasuki Nesiah 4. Autonomy regimes in China: coping with ethnic and economic diversity Yash Ghai 5. How the centre holds: managing claims for regional and ethnic autonomy in a democratic South Africa Heinz Klug 6. Autonomous communities and the ethnic settlement in Spain Daniele Conversi 7. Ethnicity and federalism in socialist Yugoslavia and its successor states Sinisa Malesevic 8. Ethnicity and the new constitutional orders of Ethiopia and Eritrea James Paul 9. Accommodating self-rule: Sri Lankan dialectics Neelan Tiruchelvam 10. Cyprus: from consociationalism to federation Reed Coughlan 11. Bougainville and dialectics of ethnicity, autonomy and separation Yash Ghai and Anthony Regan 12. Autonomy for Aboriginal peoples Cheryl Saunders.

Abstract: Research on intrinsic motivation, much of which has progressed within the framework of Deci and Ryan's (this issue) self-determination theory, has profoundly shifted our view of how people respond to rewards and punishments in terms of interest in and enjoyment of what they do and how they live. A key argument of their work is that controlling external influences, emanating from other people or situations, are associated with suboptimal performance and a lack of satisfaction. This contention is based on their assumption that there is a fundamental human need for autonomy, to freely choose and determine one's own actions. Hence, having one's autonomy supported by the environment should be associated with optimal functioning and well-being, and it is. Evidence has accrued across numerous domains and paradigms to substantiate these core claims. Before discussing points of contact between Deci and Ryan's theory and our own theorizing on human needs, and on the self, significant-other representations, and transference, we highlight some key contributions of their work.

Abstract: The paper explores the elements that constitute women’s autonomy in rural Pakistan. Hitherto most research on women’s status in Pakistan has either been restricted to proxy measures of women’s status generally or to the urban areas. Community or region, each of which has distinctive features, have an overriding influence on this subject. Northern Punjabi women have lower economic autonomy but greater mobility and decision-making authority than women in Southern Punjab. Gender systems at the village level are also important predictors of women’s autonomy. Economic class has a weak and ambivalent influence on women’s autonomy in rural Punjab. Class influences both education and employment of women, these remains the routes to empowerment in rural settings. While most women in rural areas contribute economically, the majority works on the household farm or within the household economic unit. These women do not derive any additional autonomy as a result of this contribution. Paid employment, though offset by other restrictions on poor women, offers greater potential for women’s autonomy. Education, on the other hand, has a lesser influence on female autonomy in the rural Punjabi context.

Abstract: Many explanations of political involvement are based on the idea that higherlevels of resources will be matched by higher levels of political involvement. Yet these kind of interpretations seem to overlook the fact that resources potentially increase individual autonomy and widen the scope of alternative actions, and so facilitate a decrease of political involvement. The analyses presented here are based on the rather paradoxical expectation that we will find a higher level of subjective political interest and, simultaneously, a lower level of political saliency among people commanding relatively high levels of social capital or other resources. The empirical evidence available for Western European countries in 1990 and 1998 essentially confirms the notion of diverging consequences of social capital (and other resources) for political involvement. People combining high political interest with a low saliency of politics are labelled spectators here. For them politics has lost its obligatory character – it is interesting and probably important to follow what goes on in this area, but compared with other matters its relevance is relatively low. Besides, a strong gender bias still can be found for each and every aspect of political involvement.

Abstract: Women's household decision-making autonomy is a potentially important but less studied indicator of women's ability to control their fertility. Using a DHS sample of 3,701 married black African women from Zimbabwe, I look at women who have no say in major purchases, whether they should work outside the home,and the number of children. When men dominated all household decisions, women were less likely to approve of contraceptive use, discuss their desired number of children with their spouse, report ever use of a modern method of contraception, and to intend to use contraception in the future. However, women's decision-making autonomy was not associated with current modern contraceptive use. Women who had no decision-making autonomy had 0.26 more children than women who had some autonomy. These autonomy measures provide additional independent explanatory power of fertility-related behavior net of traditional measures of women's status such as education and labor force participation.

Abstract: Abstract In the current climate of feminist theory, the notion of individual autonomy may seem an unlikely topic for a collection of feminist essays. Although the ideal of autonomy once seemed to hold out much promise, in providing both a liberatory goal and a moral standpoint from which to criticize sex-based oppression, autonomy is now generally regarded by feminist theorists with suspicion. Crudely stated, the charge is that the concept of autonomy is inherently masculinist, that it is inextricably bound up with masculine character ideals, with assumptions about selfhood and agency that are metaphysically, epistemologically, and ethically problematic from a feminist perspective, and with political traditions that historically have been hostile to women’s interests and freedom. What lies at the heart of these charges is the conviction that the notion of individual autonomy is fundamentally individualistic and rationalistic.

Abstract: After training and practicing as a physician in the United States for many years, I accepted an academic position at a medical university in Pakistan. One of my first experiences there was to tell two brothers sitting across the desk from me that all investigations indicated their elderly father had widespread metastatic cancer, and therefore not long to live. The patient, who lived with the oldest son and his family, was not present during this conversation, although an unmarried daughter, a daughter-in-law, and an adult grandson were. After listening attentively to what I had to say, and obviously upset at this news, one of the sons said, "We do not want him to know that he has cancer. How long he lives is in the hands of God in any case, and it is not right to make my father lose hope while he is so ill." He then added, "Doctor Sahib, tell us what we should do next. You know best. You are not just our doctor, you are like our mother." In these words lies the essence of decisionmaking when illness strikes a member of the family in Pakistan. It is the family rather than the patient who takes center stage in this process. In the case of a conscious patient, the family and physician will generally protect the patient from the anxiety and distress associated with the knowledge of impending death. This is done by not disclosing the diagnosis or disclosing it in ambiguous terms. The "doctor sahib," (sahib has an Arabic root meaning "lord") remains the authority in matters relating to disease and medical interventions. She or he is often symbolically inducted into the family and is expected to direct rather than just facilitate medical management. In the final analysis, however, God, not man, controls life and death. This model, in which religion and the extended family play a primary role in matters dealing with illnesses, particularly terminal illnesses, is shared by many Eastern cultures, but contrasts significantly with the situation prevalent in many western countries. In secular Western societies, patient autonomy is generally accepted as the cornerstone of medical ethics when it comes to choices involving medical care and end of life decisions. The competent patient is considered an autonomous and rational agent who is sovereign over her fate and the locus for all choices regarding therapeutic interventions[1]--witness the fact that by 1991 more than forty states in the U.S. had enacted "living will" statutes that allow competent people to refuse therapeutic measures in the event of terminal illness even if they are no longer competent, and that trump opinions of family members and physicians. In that year also the federal Patient Self-determination Act went into effect, requiring that all adult patients admitted to a hospital be told of their right to formulate an advance directive.[2] The principle of autonomy has also been extended to incompetent patients who do not have advance directives through court rulings and the legislature.[3] The substituted judgment standard works on the premise that the personal autonomy of the once competent patient must be extended to her current state of incompetency, with the surrogate functioning as an instrument to determine what the patient would have wished done under the circumstances, if he or she were still competent. The autonomy model is not without critics, however, especially in a pluralistic society. Joseph Carrese and Lorna Rhodes, for example, have noted that many Navajo consider advance care planning to violate their traditional values.[4] Nor is the exclusion of families from decisionmaking universally valued. Empirical research by Leslie Blackhall and colleagues has shown that Korean and Mexican Americans, among others in the United States, feel that families--not patients--should hear a terminal diagnosis and be the primary decision-makers.[5] Undoubtedly the realities of American society, an amalgam of people from many different ethnic groups, have helped bring such issues to the forefront. …

Abstract: This article examines the impact of gender on the relative economic success of microentrepreneurs, their contributions to family income, and the impact of gender ideology and income on household decision making. The concept of economic success is problematized by examining how these businesses, even those of limited assets and income generation, offer women increased autonomy in household budgetary matters and decision making. The analysis draws on data from a representative survey of 201 male and female microentrepreneurs in the Dominican Republic. The findings show that household decision making is influenced by variations in economic power but that gender ideologies structure the direction and extent of this influence, reflected in distinct “gender thresholds,” or the point at which income contributions start to matter.

Abstract: We report the results of an investigation of nurses' and physicians' sensitivity to ethical dimensions of clinical practice. The sample consisted of 113 physicians working in general medical settings, 665 psychiatrists, 150 nurses working in general medical settings, and 145 nurses working in psychiatry. The instrument used was the Moral Sensitivity Questionnaire (MSQ), a self-reporting Likert-type questionnaire consisting of 30 assumptions related to moral sensitivity in health care practice. Each of these assumptions was categorized into a theoretical dimension of moral sensitivity: relational orientation, structuring moral meaning, expressing benevolence, modifying autonomy, experiencing moral conflict, and following the rules. Significant differences in responses were found between health care professionals from general medical settings and those working in psychiatry. The former agreed to a greater extent with the assumptions in the categories 'meaning' and 'autonomy' and to a lesser degree with the categories 'benevolence' and 'conflict'. Moreover, those from the psychiatric sector agreed to a greater extent to the use of coercion if necessary. Significant differences were also found for some of the MSQ categories, between physicians and nurses, and between males and females.

Abstract: List of Tables and Figures Acknowledgments 1. Introduction: Gender, Sex, and American Political Life, Jyl J. Josephson and Sue Tolleson-Rinehart Part I. Political Behavior 2. Gender and Political Knowledge, Michael X. Delli Carpini and Scott Keeter 3. Gender and Political Participation, M. Margaret Conway 4. A Tougher Road for Women? Assessing the Role of Gender in Congressional Elections, Pamela Fiber and Richard L. Fox 5. Are Moral Voices Gendered? (Private) Care, Rights, and Autonomy in Reproductive Decision Making, Eric Plutzer Part II. Public Policy 6. Gender and U.S. Foreign Policy: Hegemonic Masculinity, the War in Iraq, and the UN-Doing of World Order, Janie Leatherman 7. Gendering Policy Debates: Welfare Reform, Abortion Regulation, and Trafficking, Dorothy E. McBride 8. Gender, Social Construction, and Policies for Low-Income Men and Women, Jyl J. Josephson 9. "Women Get Sicker Men Die Quicker": Gender, Health Politics and Health Policy, Sue Tolleson-Rinehart Part III. Institutions 10. Cabinet Nominations in the William J. Clinton and George W. Bush Administrations: Gender, Change, and Representation, MaryAnne Borrelli 11. Gender and the Federal Judiciary, Susan Gluck Mezey 12. Cracking the Glass Ceiling: The Status, Significance, and Prospects of Women in Legislative Office, Sue Thomas 13. Gender Bias? Media Coverage of Women and Men in Congres: David Niven 14. Conclusion: Gender and the Future of American Political Life, Sue Tolleson-Rinehart and Jyl J. Josephson About the Editors and Contributors Index

Abstract: Feminist studies of female genital cutting (FGC) provide ample evidence that many women exercise effective agency with respect to this practice, both as accommodators and as resisters. The influence of culture on autonomy is ambiguous: women who resist cultural mandates for FGC do not necessarily enjoy greater autonomy than do those women who accommodate the practice, yet it is clear that some social contexts are more conducive to autonomy than others. In this paper, I explore the implications for autonomy theory of these understandings of the relation between culture, FGC, and women’s agency. I review the range of worldwide FGC practices – including “corrective” surgery for “ambiguous genitalia” in Western cultures as well as the various initiation rites observed in some African and Asian cultures – and the diverse cultural rationales for different forms of FGC. I argue that neither latitudinarian, value-neutral accounts of autonomy nor restrictive, value-saturated accounts adequately explain women’s agentic position with respect to FGC. I then analyze a number of educational programs that have enhanced women's autonomy, especially by strengthening their introspection, empathy, and imagination. Such programs, which engage women's autonomy skills without exposing them to autonomy-disabling cultural alienation, promote autonomy-within-culture. This understanding of autonomy as socially situated, however, entails neither endorsement of FGC nor resignation to its persistence.

Abstract: Most scholars of international relations and nationalism presume that nationalist ideology acts uniformly to hinder international economic integration, globalization, and free trade. This article challenges the conventional wisdom by developing an analytical framework of the incentives majority and minority nationalists face in the realm of foreign economic relations. Defining nationalism as the promotion of the autonomy, unity, and identity of the nation, it argues that nationalists have strong possible motivations both for and against close economic ties with foreign nations and states. As a result, oftentimes nationalists must make trade-offs among their goals of autonomy, unity, and identity when developing foreign economic policy preferences. Case studies of nationalist organizations in Quebec, India, and Ukraine that favor a high degree of international economic integration are presented to show the usefulness of the analytical framework.

Abstract: What is the goal of public health promotion today? If the leading causes of mortality are primarily attributable to lifestyle behaviours, is the purpose of research to develop the power to change those behaviours, in the same way that science has been able to control infectious diseases? Or is the quest for effective behaviour modification techniques antithetical to the idea of promoting well-being defined in terms of individual autonomy, dignity and integrity? An Ethic for Health Promotion explores these questions

Abstract: In 1988 and 1995, the Chicago Public Schools and Police Department implemented governance reforms that dramatically increase opportunities for citizen engagement in neighborhoods, devolve operational authority to those in individual police beats and school councils, and create deliberative local planning processes. This article conceptualizes these arrangements as an accountable autonomy. Local groups of public officials and citizens are autonomous by virtue of their authority to set public goals, develop strategies to reach those, and then implement those strategies. This autonomy, however, is not license. Local groups should be held accountable by central administrators and the general public for both the democratic quality of their decision processes and their operational effectiveness. The paper explores the degree to which the two reformed Chicago institutions approximate accountable autonomy and potentials for enhancing civic participation and public problem solving. Surprisingly, residents of poor neighborhoods participate at rates equal to or greater than those from wealthy ones. Participation rates across neighborhoods are generally high enough to sustain deliberative problem-solving activity. In some neighborhoods, deliberation between citizens and local officials has yielded innovative strategies that neither group would likely have developed on its own.

Abstract: Abstract Important in the concept of autonomy is whether women are in control of their own lives—the extent to which they have an equal voice in matters affecting themselves and their families, control over material and other resources, access to knowledge and information, the authority to make independent decisions, freedom from constraints on physical mobility, and the ability to forge equitable power relationships within families. Unfortunately, these alternative dimensions of female autonomy have rarely been measured in empirical analyses. Analyses have tended to rely on such routinely used measures as education or economic activity profiles or marriage age—measures that are increasingly recognized to be inadequate proxies for these multifaceted dimensions of women’s autonomy (see for example, Mason et al., 1995). Not only have few studies measured these dimensions of autonomy empirically, few have measured them in different cultural contexts. Exceptions include Basu’s (1992) study comparing North and South Indian women residing in the same Delhi slum, and Morgan and Niraula’s (1995) study in Nepal; both studies observe notable contextual effects on a variety of dimensions of their autonomy.