Abstract: This third volume of the "Selected Papers of Edward Shils "brings together ten essays, three of which have never been published before and all the others of which have been completely revised and elaborated. They deal with the history of American and European sociology as an intellectual undertaking and as a means to the attainment of practical ends. Professor Shils's main themes are the influence of ethical and practical intentions on scholarly study in the social sciences, the autonomy of the intellectual tradition of sociology, and the significance of the institutional organization of sociological teaching and research.

Abstract: Rather than eliminate the terms "mental health and illness" because of the grave moral consequences of psychiatric labeling, conservative definitions are proposed and defended. Mental health is rational autonomy, and mental illness is the sustained loss of such. Key terms are explained, advantages are explored, and alternative concepts are criticized. The value and descriptive components of all such definitions are consciously acknowledged. Where rational autonomy is intact, mental hospitals and psychotherapists should not think of themselves as treating an illness. Instead, they are functioning as applied axiologists, moral educators, spiritual mentors, etc. They deal with what Szasz has called "personal, social, and ethical problems in living." But mental illness is real.

Abstract: A representative sample of 1,002 Los Angeles adults responded to vignettes on parent-child conflict by indicating their support for the position of either the parent or the child. Adults' perspectives on children's rights to autonomy were examined in the nine substantive areas of education, privacy, appearance, religion, economics, sexual conduct, access to media, political participation and public responsibility, and social participation. In all these areas, there is a lack of consensus about children's rights among adults. Social characteristics of the sample, however, correlate with views on this issue in ways consistent with a general liberal-conservative orientation. George W. Bohrnstedt is Professor of Sociology at Indiana University at Bloomington, Howard E. Freeman is Professor of Sociology at UCLA, and Tom Smith is a graduate student in psychology at UCLA. The data for this study were collected as part of Grant #86-P-80086/9, Social and Rehabilitation Service, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare. The authors are grateful to Professors Jeanne M. Giovannoni, Principal Investigator, and Rosina Becerra, Project Director, for their collaboration. The authors wish to acknowledge the advice of Orville C. Brim, Jr., Linda B. Bourque, Bernice Eiduson, Norma D. Feshbach, Seymour Feshbach, Robert J. Levy, Lisbeth B. Schoor, John G. Simon, and Heidi Segal. The Foundation for Child Development provided partial support for George Bohrnstedt during the study. Public Opinion Quarterly Vol. 45:443-462 ? 1981 by The Trustees of Columbia University Published by Elsevier North-Holland, Inc. 0033-362X/81/0045-443/$2.50 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.149 on Sat, 09 Jul 2016 05:39:14 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 444 BOHRNSTEDT, FREEMAN, AND SMITH ago (Cohen et al., 1958), we found only two studies. Rogers and Wrightsman (1978) developed scales to measure orientations toward children's rights; the polar ends of the scales are nurturance (giving children what is good for them) and self-determination (giving children the right to decide for themselves). They administered the scales to a sample (N = 381) consisting of four groups: high school juniors and seniors from a metropolitan area, undergraduate college education majors, undergraduates enrolled at two small liberal arts colleges in fields other than education, and adults in continuing education courses, All respondents were more likely to favor extending rights of nurturance than rights of self-determination. As Rogers and Wrightsman note, people apparently are more willing to make the children comfortable than to give them freedom. A second relevant study (General Mills, 1977) found that "strict" (defined as condoning strict discipline for children, including spanking) compared to "temperate" and "permissive" parents were more likely to be older, religious males with three or more children. Because of the meager amount of previous research, our study was conceived as a methodological as well as substantive inquiry. In this paper, we describe our efforts (1) to measure adult views about children's rights to decide matters for themselves, (2) to identify variations in perspectives related to the age of the child being evaluated and the area of behavior examined, and (3) to locate social demographic correlates of differing perspectives. In the conclusions, we briefly examine the findings in the light of current concerns over the rights of children.

Abstract: The treatment of the body as a tiling separate from the social self is made the object of inquiry. The implications of this separation are explored as follows: (1) The failure on the part of the medical profession to treat differences in morbidity and mortality rates due to social class, occupation and environment as an object of medical concern; (2) Domination by the medical profession, subordination of the patient and a corresponding sense of entitlement on the part of one and vulnerability on the part of the other; (3) The control of medical knowledge by the profession for its own interests which do not always correspond to the patient's interests; (4) The failure to communicate successfully with patients; (5) The intentional avoidance of informing patients about the nature of or prognosis for their illness; (6) Exploitation of the patient by the medical profession (e.g. unnecessary surgery); (7) The difference in the quality of care and attitudes toward patients according to social or imputed moral differences among patients; (8) The loss of autonomy arid dignity on the part of the patient. This state of affairs is analysed in terms of the definition of the physician as curer, the treatment of medical knowledge as private property, and the context of a market economy.

Abstract: This essay is an introduction to a little studied aspect of a world-wide phenomenon, the political environment of the professions. In the absence of any model of political interactions between the environment and professions, a deductive developmental model is set out below, detailing the stages of conflict between the professionals and the non-profesionals, or ‘laity’, whom they serve. Its evidence is adduced from primarily the United States, but also from elsewhere in the English-speaking world; its application should be even wider. A concluding section briefly suggests explanatory propositions for this conflict. Throughout, the focus is not upon professionals as such, but upon (a) the potential for conflict which lies in the grant of autonomy given them by the society, and (b) the current crisis when the autonomy of even the most powerful profession is under challenge.

Abstract: Ethnic Autonomy - Comparative Dynamics examines the relationship between ethnivity and the various types of autonomous or self-determination behavior in the Americas, Europe and the developing world. The articles are written wuth a view toward explaining the common elements of ethnic autonomy and other a multidisciplinary approach that make them important reading for students of sociology, political science anthropology, psychology, history, or anyone interested in the control, stability, peace, and justice in a heterogeneous society

Abstract: Lawsuits pitting faculty members against universities and colleges' in disputes over hiring, promotion, tenure, and other employmentrelated issues have increased dramatically within the past fifteen years.2 The volume of federal litigation, in particular, has escalated rapidly following the extension of the antidiscrimination provisions of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to academic institutions in 19723 and the Supreme Court's revitalization of the private civil remedies under the Civil Rights Acts of 1866 and 1871.1 In faculty lawsuits, plaintiffs often seek access under the liberal federal discovery rules to sensitive university employment records, including confidential faculty evaluations5 and even secret votes on tenure and promotion applications.6 Efforts to compel disclosure of this information raise the issue of whether a university may protect confidentiality by claiming an evidentiary privilege. The question involves a clash of values-academic freedom and appointing the best professors versus the need for full disclosure in decisionmaking and litigation-and does not lend itself to

Abstract: The assumption underlying the subtitle of this paper is that medicine in the 1970’s has become an adversarial practice, requiring a procedure for adjudicating between the rights of patients and the responsibilities of physicians. It is ironic that the relationship between doctor and patient — traditionally a vital element in the healing process — should deteriorate at precisely the time when medicine has become more effective. Although the doctor-patient relationship appears to be evolving in a libertarian direction, emphasizing individual autonomy, self-determination, and rights, an ambivalence remains; witness the unclarity of attitude of the courts and legislatures. Precisely because this uncertainty exists, it is not surprising that at times the practice of medicine seems to juxtapose the interests of patients and those of physicians. This essay will consider these questions by examining two very different issues in modern medicine: (1) the rights of patients and the responsibilities of physicians in situations in which acutely, critically ill patients who have easily treatable diseases refuse life-saving therapy, and (2) the rights of patients and the responsibilities of physicians in situations in which ambulatory patients with self-defined senses of dis-ease or illness demand specific services from physicians.

Abstract: Recent development policies in Tanzania, notably in the areas of land holding, re‐settlement of villages, and housing, may well have important implications for women. Under the traditional system, women enjoyed a relatively large degree of autonomy, particularly because of their rights to hold land as individuals, rather than through their husbands. Because many policies are based on the assumption that productive and consumption units are households headed by males, and because of the construction of a new form of ‘family’, there is a possibility that women will be re‐defined as dependents and thus lose much of their autonomy.

Abstract: This essay focuses on Kant's understanding of politics and persons and is aimed at assessing the relations in his moral philosophy between human reason on the one hand and moral autonomy, political action, and social change on the other. "Any serious claim that Kant has on the attention of contemporary political theorists," the author says, "rests on the implications of his systematic philosophy for political thought." Professor Elshtain argues that to the extent Kant's philosophy fails to provide a plausible account of how human beings interrelate and engage in political activity, its status as a coherent political philosophy is called into question. It is a lucid and interesting statement of a fundamental problem in Kant; and as one of our reviewers remarked, lucidity when dealing with Kant is a considerable public service.

Abstract: This paper compares field data from three schools to generate explanations for teacher perceptions of their autonomy. These perceptions do not vary with control imposed on teachers in any regular way. Consideration of environmental pressure on the schools, however, reveals a pattern to the findings. Minimal environmental pressure allows the emergence of an all-pervading consensus that leads teachers to construe control as supportive of personal goals. Moderate pressure engenders teacher dependence on the principal to buffer them from uncertainty. The principal translates the dependence into control activities teachers perceive as constraints. High levels of pressure preoccupy the principal who, therefore, cannot coordinate the school effectively. This causes teachers, themselves, to feel ineffective and constrained.

Abstract: We analyze 307 television commercials' depiction of three female roles. The maternal and housekeeping roles encase women in the family. The aesthetic role of beautification enhances women's individuality. The imagery of commercials suggests effects of the technological rationalization of housework and the hedonistic consumer ideology: Women's autonomy is reduced as men become the technical experts on housework, the role of the mother as moral socializer is eroded, and children become self-centered consumers without family responsibilities. The family rarely appears as a close social unit, but is shown as a loose-knit collection of people held together by the wife-mother who supplies their separate wants. Commercials portray generational and sex-role differentiation greater than exist in the real world.

Abstract: This article reviews several different areas in health care for women in which conceptual and ideological problems arise because of the nature of the health care system Initial attention is directed to how the very language that is used in health care policymaking and discussion is patriarchal in its origin and implication The philosophical stance of the authors is illustrated with examples from the chemical and surgical manipulations of womens bodies in reproductive medicine Final attention is directed to the issue of informed consent The right over ones own body which is advocated is a liberty right rather than a claim right and such a right would specify that no decision about any manipulation of a womans body should be made unless it is the active decision of the woman herself Female critics of medicalization and of the medical profession seem to assume that womens mistreatment on the part of the medical profession is wrong because the injured entity is the womans "own" body but Ketchum believes that it is a misconception to think of bodies as things one owns To extend property rights to ones body seems inappropriate in a moral sense A woman is her body; she does not own it Physicians the pharmaceutical industry and frequently women themselves generally believe that women do not have the detailed specialized knowledge to make decisions about contraceptives but who does Additionally the information upon which such decisions are based should not be limited to technical information There are several other factors to consider: personal; the unknowns in biological science; the dangers that can be perceived by the patient intuitively or experientially; and the interplay of the psychosomatic effects of all manipulations to womens bodies When women allow patriarchal culture to sell them short-term benefits without concern about longterm well being they have lost sight of their true nature Women if they wish may refuse to be involved in responsibility for future generations but they should not let others abdicate this responsibility for them The ethical point is that health care should provide safe and comfortable medical solutions to health problems and it is up to each individual woman to define her problem as she sees fit within her range of values and ethical principles

Abstract: In this paper, I would like to explore the interdisciplinary relevance of moral philosophy and developmental moral psychology to one of the several paramount tasks of professional graduate education in a law school, namely, the development in our students of the capacity for and readiness to engage in ethical reasoning. I believe that recent developments in ethical theory and congruent developments in moral psychology enable us to shape professional education so as better to meet the paramount task of making professional education part of the continuing moral education of our students as they take on their professional identity. Let me explain, initially, why I characterize this as a paramount aim of professional education, and then proceed to explain how moral theory and psychology enable us better to meet this aim.

Abstract: During the past century various theories of mental functioning that rest on a deterministic view of man have gained dominance. However, a review of psychodynamic writing shows that there has remained a need for some concept of autonomy and inner direction, as represented by the concepts of ego autonomy and behavioral self-control. In fact, some studies of mental health and psychotherapy can be interpreted as supporting the existential view that the experience of "freedom" and "choice" is a genuine phenomenon. Although concepts of behavioral self-control may reconcile these contradictions, the author concludes that no theories of mental functioning have entirely dealt with the paradoxes of autonomy, inner direction, and choice.

Abstract: Any organization may experience internal dissension. If the dispute continues, one faction may seek a judicial resolution. If the organization is a church, however, concern over the propriety of state intervention may cause a court to refrain from deciding the dispute. If the court decides that the religion clauses of the Constitution call for complete autonomy for the religious organization, it will refuse to hear the dispute, granting the organization immunity from judicial dispute resolution. The price of immunity, however, is denying church members ordinarily available remedies, solely on account of the religious nature of the organization in which the corporation, contract, or trust dispute arose. When a court refuses to adjudicate church disputes, it may sacrifice members' contractual interests and religious freedom. There is thus a tension between autonomy for the church and some of the very values that such autonomy might at first be assumed to further.This article suggests a resolution to this tension. In so doing, the Article assumes that the goal is a religiously neutral adjudication: one that neither advances nor retards a church faction on the basis of its religious views. The alternative of a religiously-based adjudication one which favors a faction on the basis of its religious beliefs-is unlikely to meet constitutional requirements. The only other alternative is to refuse to decide church disputes, an approach that would satisfy the goal of avoiding entanglement at the price of members' rights and church organizing ability. This article shows why a religiously neutral adjudication is normally possible, making it unnecessary to pay the price of abstention.

Abstract: 1 A Crisis in Moral Philosophy: Why Is the Search for the Foundations of Ethics So Frustrating?.- Ethics, Foundations, and Science: Response to Alasdair MacIntyre.- 2 Moral Autonomy.- 3 The Concept of Responsibility: An Inquiry into the Foundations of an Ethics for Our Age.- 4 From System to Story: An Alternative Pattern for Rationality in Ethics.- 5 Can Medicine Dispense with a Theological Perspective on Human Nature?.- Kant's Moral Theology or a Religious Ethics?.- A Rejoinder to a Rejoinder.- 6 Theology and Ethics: An Interpretation of the Agenda.- Response to James M. Gustafson.- Rejoinder to Hans Jonas.- 7 The Moral Psychology of Science.- 8 The Poverty of Scientism and the Promise of Structuralist Ethics.- 9 Natural Selection and Societal Laws.- 10 Evolution, Social Behavior, and Ethics.- 11 Attitudes toward Eugenics in Germany and Soviet Russia in the 1920's: An Examination of Science and Values.- 12 Are Science and Ethics Compatible?.- 13 How Can We Reconnect the Sciences with the Foundations of Ethics?.- The Multiple Connections between Science and Ethics: Response to Stephen Toulmin.