Abstract: An equable distribution of wealth and of access to political power is often seen as a key condition for democracy. While some scholars of classical Attica (such as Lewis and Ismard) have taken the view that resources and influence were smoothly spread, others (Osborne and Jones, for example) have claimed that there existed significant clusters of privilege. This chapter draws on a dataset on demes compiled by Ober and Teegarden from a number of standard works (by Davies, Hansen, and Whitehead). After considering some methodological problems raised by the nature of the evidence, it focuses on the question of whether wealth and power were distributed in a way that mirrors population density. Using a number of proxies for wealth and political power, it runs regressions aimed at seeing whether these variables were correlated with population across demes. It concludes that most of the indicators for wealth and participation in classical Attica match up very closely with population. A citizen's origins in a particular deme are never a good predictor of his wealth or influence in the classical democratic state.

Abstract: A two-dimensional (2D) numerical study is carried out to investigate the thermal performance of an impure phase-change material (PCM) in an equilateral triangular-shaped double pipe heat exchanger. To tackle the irregular boundaries, a nonorthogonal body-fitted coordinate (BFC) transformation technique is employed. The nondimensional transformed curvilinear conservation equations for mass, momentum, and energy are written in terms of physical variables and they are solved using a control-volume based finite difference method on a staggered grid arrangement. The developed model is then used to study the effects of the inner tube wall temperature, the initial temperature of the solid PCM, and the shape, as well as the position of the inner tube in the annulus on the melting characteristics, and cumulatively stored energy. Various quantities such as average Nusselt numbers over the inner tube surface, the total and complete melt fractions, and the latent and total stored energies all as a function of the melting time are reported. A correlation for the average Nusselt number on the inner tube wall is also provided. The numerical results show that the shape and the placement of the inner tube are crucial for the efficient design of a latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) system. The storage of energy is greatly influenced by the change of the inner tube wall temperature compared to the change of initial solid PCM temperature.

Abstract: In 2015, we constructed a full-scale experimental house in the city of Johor Bahru, Malaysia, in order to determine comprehensive energy-saving modification techniques through passive cooling for existing urban houses in the hot-humid climates. First, this chapter presents the results of numerical simulation to examine optimum combinations of modification techniques for the urban houses. Second, this chapter analyses the results of full-scale field experiments conducted in the above-mentioned experimental house to confirm the resulting effects of proposed modifications. The proposed modifications include (1) roof insulation, (2) external wall outer insulation, (3) external shading, and (4) forced ventilation (for the whole house and for the attic).

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an air conditioning system and a house where complex duct piping is not needed in a building such as a single family house, and which can realize energy saving and reduction of heat loss by excellent heat insulation property, and make a whole house be a comfortable temperature uniformly by eliminating temperature difference.SOLUTION: A ventilation system is applied to a house that comprises one or more floor parts, roof parts and wall parts, and has a living space that is surrounded with a floor part, a roof part or a ceiling part, and a wall part, an underfloor space that is partitioned on a lower side of the floor part of a bottom layer among the floor parts, and an attic space partitioned just below the roof part. An air conditioning system comprises vent holes that make air pass through the longitudinal direction and temperature and humidity control devices each disposed at the underfloor space and the attic space. The air conditioning system supplies warm air heated by the temperature and humidity control device disposed at the underfloor space through the vent holes to the living space during the cold period, and supplies cold air cooled by the temperature and humidity control device disposed at the attic space through the vent hole to the living space during the warm period.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 5

Abstract: The main objective of this paper is by measurements to investigate whether increased thermal insulation thickness reduces the temperature in ventilated attics. With lower heat flux through the ceiling in the winter, the theory is that the temperature in the attic decreases and consequently the relative humidity increases which may cause mold growth. While some simulations support this theory, others do not. To test the theory in practice, measurements were performed in 29 dwellings, mainly older single family houses with ventilated attics and insulation thicknesses varying between 150 and 600 mm (6“ and 23“). The temperature was measured for more than one year in the attic, the living space below and outdoors. All measured attics were ventilated as recommended in guidelines; i.e. with openings at the top and the bottom. The measurements in the attics showed high dependency on the outdoor temperature, while indoor temperature and the thickness of insulation were not significant. Consequently, the thermal insulation thickness alone cannot explain possible increasing mold problems. However, extra insulation in attics may obstruct the ventilation openings and therefore, reduce the ventilation rate. Measurements of ventilation rates in non-problematic and moldy attics should therefore be the next step.

Abstract: Two attics were constructed as part of a building renovation project at the University of West Florida. The first attic is described as a traditional ventilated attic, with openings in the soffits and a small dormer vent on the roof. The second attic is described as a sealed attic (with no ventilation), and open-cell spray foam insulation installed on the underside of the roof deck. The study was undertaken to demonstrate hypothesized performance differences between attic types. Thermal and relative humidity sensors were installed to measure the condition of the air in the two attics spaces, and measurements were taken at 15 minute intervals. Measurements of relative humidity were later calculated as dew point and specific humidity. Similar studies are often conducted by comparison of attics in separate buildings under different use conditions. This project offers a unique opportunity to explore data collected from a single structure, and provides support for existing research on attic design in southern ...

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To install an indoor machine at an attic of a triangle roof so as to avoid ascending beams, the indoor machine having a length longer than an interval between the ascending beams.SOLUTION: When an indoor machine 10A, where a heat exchange unit 20 and a blower unit 30 are divided, is installed at an attic of a triangle roof where a plurality of ascending beams 3 are provided in parallel between a ridge beam 1 and a pole plate 2, a relay duct 40 is provided for connecting between a heat exchange unit 20 and a blower unit 30 so that between end parts on both opposite sides of the heat exchange unit 20 and blower unit 30 a beam insertion groove is formed, into which a portion of the ascending beam 3 is inserted.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 2

Abstract: The paper presents an analysis of the energy performance of single-family buildings with two zones differing in dynamic properties. The procedure currently applied for determining the energy performance distinguishes several cases in which a division into separate calculation zones is required, whereas none of them sanctions dissimilarities of dynamic properties between parts of buildings. In order to determine the differences resulting from the separation into zones, e.g. the ground floor with a heavy structure and a lightweight usable attic, the monthly balance method was used as legally binding for establishing energy performance of buildings. Heat demand for heating and cooling a building was determined. The results obtained for a building treated as one zone and divided into two zones were compared. The analysis was carried out in a variant manner, i.e. assuming varying internal thermal capacity, usable space, surface of glazed partitions, and air exchange rate, for 59 locations in Poland. It was shown that, under assumption of the same useful area of upper and lower storey, in cases taken into consideration the maximal difference in energy demand for heating only is 5.41% (Nowy Sącz), but in cooling can reach as much as 46.75% (Zakopane).

Abstract: As the design of the building envelope has changed, the parameters that govern thermal insulation, air tightness and the complex heat transfer processes are often neglected. This aim of this research work is to numerically investigate the influence of natural convection in attics with joists and insulation. With the help of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), more specifically the software ANSYS Fluent, 3D simulations are conducted for both porous layer and air cavity to estimate the magnitude of heat transfer. The same was executed for porous media with two different values of permeability. A suitable turbulence model has been applied to account for the highly sensitive buoyancy driven flow. The results are presented in form of dimensionless numbers, Nusselt number versus modified Rayleigh number. It can be concluded that the temperature difference and permeability play a vital role.

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To install an indoor machine at an attic of a triangle roof so as to avoid ascending beams, the indoor machine having a length longer than an interval between the ascending beams.SOLUTION: When an indoor machine, where a heat exchange unit 20 and a blower unit 30 are divided, is installed at an attic of a triangle roof where a plurality of ascending beams 3 are provided in parallel between a ridge beam 1 and a pole plate 2, the heat exchange unit 20 and the blower unit 30 are connected at a predetermined interval through a relay duct 40 so that a beam insertion groove 401, into which a portion of the ascending beam 3 is inserted, is formed between end parts on both opposite sides of these units, and the heat exchange unit 20 and the blower unit 30 are fixed with fixed metal fittings 70.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 2

Abstract: An air circulation system for an oven includes an inlet cavity, an attic region and a cooling fan. The oven includes a cooking chamber configured to receive a food product and an RF heating system configured to provide RF energy into the cooking chamber using solid state electronic components. The air circulation system is configured to provide air for cooling the solid state electronic components. The inlet cavity is disposed below the cooking chamber. The attic region is disposed above the cooking chamber and housing the solid state electronic components. The cooling fan isolates the inlet cavity from the attic region to maintain the inlet cavity at a pressure below ambient pressure to draw cooling air into the inlet cavity via an inlet array, and to maintain the attic region at a pressure above ambient pressure to discharge air that has cooled the solid state electronic components from an oven body of the oven.

Abstract: Thermal and hygric inertia are determining factors when studying residences habitability, most particularly when no HVAC systems are available. Since the Asturian house under consideration is a listed building that, due to its protection grade, cannot be artificially air-conditioned, such is precisely the case. When it was built, living spaces were limited to the ground floor (where social and working activities were to take place) and the first floor (where private family rooms were set). By contrast, the attic was the house store and both the entrance and the stairs were (and still are) passing areas. The results of the field study confirm the adequacy of inner spaces to the purpose they were meant for.

Abstract: A zipped insulated partition allows entry and exit through a building opening, but once closed, prevents drafts and energy loss from a house or commercial building into its attic (and other energy losing openings such as crawl spaces). The insulated partition improves upon the insular quality and upon safety as is it can be operated from the stairs or a ladder with one hand. The partition is permanently installed and airtight. It is toughly made and protects its insulation layer, and it is designed to have a variable R-factor.

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a building and others that suppress decline in sound insulation performance of a double wall in a 125 Hz band, reduce a gap in an air layer of the double wall, and make a room more spacious.SOLUTION: A building includes a double wall 3 that is a wall structure having an additional wall 75 formed by providing a wall board 7 in front of a parting wall 5 with an air layer 6 in between, and a floor structure 2 without an underfloor space constituted by directly bonding a floor finishing material 20 on a floor surface of a building frame floor (a floor slab 12). Based on an equation for calculating a resonating frequency of the double wall assuming the air layer to be a closed space, linking means is constituted by a through-hole 30 formed on side plates 36, 37 of runners 31, 32 that are wall substrate materials provided in front of the parting wall, the linking means being for linking the air layer 6 with at least either one of attic space 8 or an indoor space 10X so that air can circulate therethrough.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Abstract: The invention provides an adjustable skylight structure for a civil building attic, comprising a net chute and a protective lock. A window frame has a triangular frame structure, and the top of a sashis rotatably connected to the inside of the top of the window frame. The bottom of the sash is provided with two adjusting holes, the bottom end surface of the sash is provided with two sawtooth fixing grooves, and the inside of each sawtooth fixing groove is of a zigzag structure. Three pieces of vacuum glass are installed in the sash. A sunshade film of a hollow structure is positioned at the top of the sash. External mosquitoes are blocked outside the skylight, and the mosquitoes are prevented from entering the attic via the opening and closing skylight and affecting the residents in the attic. The insect-proof net can be closed and fixed in cooperation with the protective lock, children playing in the attic are protected and prevented from climbing the opening and closing skylight andhanging out of the attic to cause safety hazards.

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a ceiling panel of a unit room preventing deformation of a ceiling surface formation portion, and to provide a unit room using the same.SOLUTION: Ceiling panels 1A and 1B each include: a ceiling panel body 2 having a ceiling surface formation portion 2A forming a ceiling surface of a unit room and a rising wall portion 2B rising on the attic side from the circumference of the ceiling surface formation portion 2A; and a frame 3 framed along the circumference of the ceiling surface formation portion 2A and is bonded to two faces of the attic side face of the circumference of the ceiling surface formation portion 2A and the inside surface of the rising wall portion 2B.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 2

Abstract: The initial development of wedge shaped oil reservoirs that are subject to both aquifer influx and gas cap expansion requires optimal well placement relative to the future movements of gas-oil and water-oil contacts. In offshore developments with limited appraisal wells and no field specific analog data, the initial gas cap size and future aquifer performance are often uncertain. The necessity to de-risk the development often results in untapped oil remaining in up-dip or down-dip locations, depending on the balance between the two drive mechanisms. With sound reservoir management the unproduced volumes can be minimized, but in many cases the oil volume remaining after abandonment is sufficient to justify the additional capital cost to recover it. Accurate estimation of remaining in-place and recoverable volumes are critical for small operators, especially in current oil price environment. This paper presents a case study for attic oil development in Nigeria with a well sidetrack for a reservoir with significant structural uncertainty and complex gas cap movement. An approach combining history matching of numeric simulation models and simple analytic solutions to address the uncertainty in remaining recoverable volumes and optimal well placement is discussed in detail. Results are compared to the performance of the actual well that was drilled.

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a base material which can prevent fire from spreading to an attic space in a case of fire and improve fire resistance, and a fireproof structure using the base material.SOLUTION: In a fireproof structure in which base materials 1a, 1b, 1c, etc. are fixed to lower surfaces of steel ceiling joists 6a, 6b, 6c, etc. of a building and ceiling panels 5a, 5b, 5c, etc. are fixed by being superimposed on the base materials, a base material constituted by laminating incombustible paper 11 and an iron foil 13 with an inorganic adhesive 12 is used as the base materials 1a, 1b, 1c, etc. Since the base material contains an iron foil, cracks and gaps do not occur following the expansion of the steel ceiling joists, which makes it possible to prevent fire from spreading to the attic space.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Abstract: The invention discloses a solar energy direct heating type fresh air system with heat recovery function. The system comprises a house body, wherein the house body comprises a first bedroom and a second bedroom, a channel is arranged between the first bedroom and the second bedroom, the first bedroom and the second bedroom communicate with the channel through shutters correspondingly, the house body is provided with an attic, a solar heat collecting plate is arranged on the inclined top surface of the attic, an air flow channel is formed between the solar heat collecting plate and the inclinedtop surface of the attic, a first fan and a second fan are fixed on the attic, the air inlet of the second fan communicates with the air flow channel through a fifth conveying pipe, the air outlet ofthe second fan is connected with a third conveying pipe through a second conveying pipe, one end of the third conveying pipe communicates with the first bedroom, the other end of the third conveying pipe communicates with the second bedroom, the air inlet of the first fan communicates with the channel through a fourth conveying pipe, the air outlet of the first fan is connected with a first conveying pipe, and the other end of the first conveying pipe extends out of the attic.