Abstract: Exclusion is the recommended method for removing roosting bats from buildings, but is often difficult to accomplish. A simpler way to limit bat-human conflicts may be to modify new and existing buildings to discourage colonies from initially taking up residence. An understanding of the physical and micro-climatic characteristics of maternity roosts is a prerequisite when modifying buildings to discourage colonies. We investigated factors influencing maternity roost selection in big brown bats (Eptesicusfuscus) by comparing characteristics of bat-occupied buildings with bat-unoccupied buildings at 10 sites. Bat-occupied buildings were significantly older, more likely to have galvanized steel (tin) roofs, more accessible to bats, and taller than randomly selected unoccupied buildings. In paired surveys, occupied attics were significantly more accessible to bats than physically similar unoccupied attics and exhibited significantly higher temperatures and wider temperature gradients. Disturbance levels, light levels, and humidity did not differ between occupied and paired unoccupied attics. To discourage bats from initially establishing a maternity roost within a building, limit all access points. In buildings where this is difficult, attics can be made less suitable as roost sites by reducing attic temperatures during the summer months. Bat boxes intended to house displaced maternity colonies should be designed to provide high daily temperatures and wide temperature gradients.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for preventing and/or minimizing the formation of ice dams and icicles on a roof of a building having an unheated attic under said roof, which involves the steps of: (1) determining if there is an accumulation of snow on the roof, (2) determining ambient outdoor air temperature, (3) determining the temperature of air in the attic and (4) if there is an accumulation of snow on the roof and if the ambient outdoor air temperature is at or below freezing and if the attic air temperature is sufficient to cause melting of the snow on the roof, exhausting air from the attic.

Abstract: In the Gulf of Mexico, many reservoirs are relatively small, thin attic oil accumulations with active aquifer support. Because of small reservoir sizes and high offshore operational costs, many were developed with a limited number of wells. Due to active aquifers, conventional wells usually result in limited recovery. Horizontal wells, in many cases, are believed to be a better option for improving oil recovery. This paper presents a field case study which describes the use of horizontal wells to improve oil recovery in thin attic oil, strong water drive reservoirs. An integration of technology, ranging from reservoir characterization and simulation to drilling and completion techniques, is shown. Pre-well planning demonstrates the use of reservoir simulation, which incorporates geophysical and geological interpretations, to predict well performance and thus help assess economic potential of the well to be drilled. The paper shows the use of a minimum hole size, minimum mud weight, and a solids-free mud system approach to reduce drilling costs and formation damage while providing for adequate well steering and effective completion. Post-well results, including analysis of well performance data after a year of production, are presented. Results after drilling show that horizontal wells not only help accelerate production but also improve oil recovery compared with conventional wells. It is demonstrated that horizontal wells, applied with an integration of technology, are an economically viable option to improve oil recovery for this type of reservoir problem.

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a roof structure equipped with a solar cell capable of preventing the lowering of energy conversion ratio caused by a high temperature of the solar cell by making sufficient ventilation in a vent layer. SOLUTION: Roof structure equipped with a solar cell is equipped with a vent layer 6 provided between roof 3 and solar cell panels 5, 5,... and at least one opening 11 provided to the roof 3 on the lower sides of the solar cell panels 5, 5,... and connecting an attic space 10 to the vent layer 6. By the constitution, air flows into the vent layer 6 from the attic space 10 to make heat dissipation of the solar cell in the solar cell panels 5, 5,..., and the high temperature of the solar cell can be prevented.

Abstract: A Monte Carlo simulation (CRISP) of entire fire scenarios has been developed for use in risk assessment. CRISP'S basic struchlre is a two layer multi-room zone model, with extra features, most notably people, included. The model has been used to perform a fire risk assessment of a domestic house. If a house has more than two storeys (which may also be the case if an attic or roof space has been converted for use as living accommodation in a two-storey house), the Approved Document of the Building regulations for England and Wales recommends protecting the staircases with fire-resisting construction. The purpose of the CRISP study was to investigate whether the provision of smoke alarms would remove the need for staircase protection. It was found that smoke alarms did provide an acceptable level of risk for the occupants, which was comparable to that provided by passive fire protection.

Abstract: Experimental measurements and three-dimensional thermal modeling were undertaken for several configurations of wood and metal truss roofs. The main goal of this work was to estimate the real effects of thermal shorts generated by wooden or metal structural components of roofs. The connection between roofs and walls is an important detail that needs to be considered to design thermally efficient roofs. It was found that, even for wooden roof structures, this detail has a significant impact on the overall thermal performance of the building envelope. Experiments were done on half the actual top of a single-wide manufactured home in a large-scale climate simulator. They showed that, despite the use of high levels of insulation in the attic, the measured overall thermal performance of the roof system can be significantly lower than that through the center of the cavity. Several configurations with different insulations were examined, including ones using thin, powder-filled evacuated panels (PEPs) with high R-values. Three-dimensional thermal modeling, proven on wood- and metal-framed walls, was used to analyze the effect of thermal bridges and underinsulation. For wooden roof structures, replacement of the traditional roof/wall details by ones that are more thermally efficient can reduce local heat losses by aboutmore » 10%. The same modeling techniques were used on details specific to roofs with metal infrastructures. For metal roof constructions where highly conductive metal profiles are used, R-value for the insulation can be even more extreme than that with wooden structures. Several reasons are apparent, the most significant of which is thermal bridges created by the structural elements. Most of these bridges have a complicated three-dimensional character. In metal constructions, local temperature gradients can be enhanced by strong thermal bridges and underinsulation. Thermal bridges generated by metal components of roofs can reduce the effective R-value of the structure by 50% to 75% of the nominal R-value of the insulation material used in the center of the cavity.« less

Abstract: Materials and a method for attaching insulating material to roof ridge ventilators to prevent warm attic air from being exhausted through the louvered openings in such roof ridge ventilator systems during cool weather. At least two lengths of flexible molding material and a plurality of wire-like clamps. The wire-like clamps extend across the top of the roof ridge ventilator with each end being secured between the molding and the outer flashing portions of the roof ridge ventilator so as to secure the molding flush against vent openings in the underside surface of the roof ridge ventilator to completely block air flow therefrom.

Abstract: PURPOSE: To uiformly heat the whole house, by forming a closed air circulation circuit connecting the underfloor, the roof-space, the attic space through hollow patition walls and installing a heat-radiator in the underfloor partly provided with suspended partitions. CONSTITUTION: A heat-insulation layer made of a heat-insulation material like glasswool is formed at the roof and the outer peripheral wall. And the underfloor, the roof space, and the attic space are connected to each other through hollow partition walls to define a closed air circulation circuit. The polluted air in the indoor space is sucked from indoor exhaust openings 34 by a ventilation fan 36 and exhausted from the outdoor exhaust opening 35. The air in the circulation circuit is led in the house from a suction opening 33 as much as the exhausted air volume from the indoor space and the same volume of fresh outside air is led in the underfloor from an outside air inlet 31 through air supply ducts 32. The air led in the underfloor from the outside in winter is heated by a heater and spread alone the underface of the floor plates to evenly heat respective rooms. And hence, a pleasant warmth can be obtained owing to the radiant heat receiving from the spacious face.

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To contrive an early detection of a fire in a botanical roof, including a fire inside the roof which originates in its innermost section, prevent and control its spread and extinguish it by installing an appropiate fire prevention system. SOLUTION: A number of pipes 40 with openings to let in smoke are placed inside a botanical roof 20, and if smoke flows into the pipes 40, it is detected by built-in smoke-detectors. Nozzles 70 for fire foam are placed along the ridge of the roof to spray foam over the roof in case of fire. The attic 11 is provided with spray nozzles 80 for water to be sprayed onto the attic 11 in case of fire. A sheet of fireproof material is spread inside the roof. A monitor nozzle is set up in such a way that the direction of the water to be splayed from it will be the axial direction of the roofing material.

Abstract: The aims of this article are to establish the extent of Vitruvius's knowledge of Athens, the other sources of his information on the city, and his preference for Hellenistic rather than Classical monuments. The following passages are analyzed: i, 6, 4, on the Tower of the Winds; ii, 1, 5, on a hut on the Areopagus; ii, 8, 9, on a wall at Athens which looks to Mt. Hymettus and Pentelicus, to be identified perhaps with the Long Walls between Athens and the Piraeus; iii, 2, 8, on the Olympieion; iv, 8, 4, on the Erechtheion and the temple of Athena Sounias; v, 9, 1, on the Colonnades of Eumenes II, on the shrine of Dionysos Eleuthereus, and on the Odeion of Perikles; vii, praef., 12, on the Parthenon and on the harbour of the Piraeus; vii, praef., 15, on the architects of the Olympieion; vii, praef., 16–17, on the telesterion of Eleusis and on the Olympieion. The conclusions are that, after having followed Caesar through Asia Minor in 47 BC, Vitruvius came back to Italy via the coast of Attica and probably stayed at Athens, and that his preference for Hellenistic monuments must be explained in terms of his education in the Hellenistic taste of Asia, and in particular of Hermogenes.

Abstract: The glass wall (7) is positioned above the roof surface (3) on a fixed frame as a sliding window extending above the wall height, which is supported to be movable parallel to the floor and roof. Preferably the window is in two sections, each sliding window having at least one stay bar. At least one motorized drive may be fitted.

Abstract: This Note describes a wind tunnel study to investigate the magnitude and variation of pressure coefficients produced at the eaves and along the roof ridge of an isolated detached two storey house model. Pressure coefficients at these roof locations have a strong influence on the ventilation rates experienced in the attic or roof space. The model was exposed to an urban type atmospheric boundary layer. The effect of wind direction on the pressure coefficients was examined. The study suggests the locations of ventilation openings in the eaves and roof ridge to enhance ventilation rates.

Abstract: FIELD: agriculture; heat exchange natural ventilation system for live stock barns. SUBSTANCE: natural ventilation system for building with roof and exhaust ventilation pit has incoming air channel and inner air circulation channel separated by heat conducting surface and two ducts formed along ceiling and one under the other, provided with slopes towards building walls and equipped with condensate removing system. Incoming air channel is connected with outside atmosphere through air intake located in attic space and with inner atmosphere, through slots at longitudinal walls. Second duct forms air clearance with first duct, ceiling and side walls of building to provide circulation of inner air. Exhaust ventilation pit is coupled directly with inner space of building. Second duct is connected to ceiling by means of easy-to-remove hangers. EFFECT: enlarged operating capabilities. 2 cl, 2 dwg

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To supply the air in an attic space of the state that the temperature is relatively lowered by supplying the warm air heat exchanged with the heat of exhaust air in the winter season from the space to a cooking room and the heat insulation effect and the cooling effect of adjacent room (a room used as a living space such as a living room) in the summer season. SOLUTION: The air drawn from the outdoor is heated by the exhaust heat flowing through the exhaust passage a7 of a range hood fan in the winter season, discharged from a discharge unit 401 provided at a heat exchanger 400 to an attic space b1, and supplied from an air supply port to a cooking room. The air drawn from the outdoor is sucked to the attic space 1b of the state that the temperature is relatively lowered by the heat insulation effect and the cooling effect of the adjacent room (the room used as a living space such as a cooking room a living room) in the summer season, and supplied to the cooking room.

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To make the best use of an attic space and simplify a mounting work thereof by setting up a loft floor material suspendingly on an attic space beam in an attic space housing structure and looking a ladder with the loft floor and forming a closet under the floor. SOLUTION: A loft material 4 is provided on an attic space beam 5 hangingly by way of a suspension material extending from a partition wall panel 6 to the edge of eaves (b). In addition, a housing space 9 is formed underneath and a folding door 10 or the like is provided on the front opening, thereby constituting a closet 3. A portal metal fitting is fixed with a front rail of the loft floor material, thereby locking a ladder and enabling an article to be brought into an attic 1 with ease. This construction makes it possible to secure a widened article loadable area and mount the loft floor material 4 on a small space in a building easily, thereby making the best use of the attic space.

Abstract: An analytical model for settling of attic loose-fill thermal insulation can be helpful for both interpretation and prediction of observed settling behaviour. The prediction of the settling process in a model is also valuable, when estimating the thermal conductivity and thermal resistance of the loose-fill insulation after a certain life time. This paper presents a mathematical model for settling of attic loose-fill thermal insulation, which has been developed from a four element model representing three settling factors. These factors are insulation density, climate of the attic and vibrations of the building structure. One element represents moisture change of the attic loose-fill insulation material and another element represents vibrations of the building structure. Settling data from ten years of field observations were used to obtain coefficients needed by the model. The resulting equations were used to predict the amount of settling for cellulose fibre and mineral fibre insulations for a 30 year perod.

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To accomplish the connection of a roof panel with only works from inside the attic even though there is a place which does not suit the fundamental module, lessen the number of sorts of components, and facilitate the management of constituent members. SOLUTION: The connection part of a roof is structured so that roof panels fitted with roof boards 4 and undulate roofing plates 5 are laid on the left and right on a panel frame 3. The roof panels 2A of ordinary part are arranged so that the roofing plates 5 are overhung from the side edges of the roof boards 4, while narrow roof panel(s) 2B for adjustment is furnished in a place with generation of a gap which does not suit the fundamental module. This type of roof panel 2B is equipped with a channel-shaped water guide plate 17 on the roof board 4, and a roofing plate 5A in the form of flat plate is laid on the water guide plate 17. The overhung portion 5a of the roofing plate 5 of the ordinary part roof panels 2A, 2B on both sides is overlapped on the roofing plate 5A of the roof panel for adjustment 2B.

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To prevent fire from spreading into a building from a roof material catching fire by filling an attic with an extinguishing foam in case of a fire SOLUTION: When a fire breaks out near a building 10, an engine driven type foam generator 31 is carried near the building 10 A foam guide cylinder 37 is extended and a hook device at the tip thereof is caught and fixed on a ventilation window 16 of a gable part 12 of a roof 11 A mixing device 36 is connected to the foam generator 31 and a water hose 34 is connected to a water supply valve 23 of a fireplug box 21 The water supply valve 23 is opened, an air fan of the foam generator 31 is rotated and a manually operated valve 33 is opened As a result, with a negative action generated by water supplied from the fireplug box 21, a crude foam liquid in a crude foam liquid tank 32 is sucked up to be supplied to the foam generator 31 Then, foam is generated and discharged into an attic through a foam guide cylinder 37 to fill thereby preventing the fire from being caught deep at the roof 11 Water is also discharged with a discharge nozzle 41 from a mixing device 45

Abstract: Do homes with vented attics use less cooling energy than homes with unvented, conditioned attics in hot climates? With little formal research available to answer the question, common wisdom and most building codes have favored venting. But a recent field study in Las Vegas challenges existing assumptions about the virtues of venting in hot, humid climates. The study shows that moving the thermal and air barrier from the plane of the ceiling to the sloped roof plane improves airtightness and can save cooling energy by eliminating heat gain to ducts located in the attic. Topics covered include the following: curbing condensation; the Las Vegas Study; Contending with codes; when to vent. 1 fig.

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To ventilate a house in a good balance, by providing ventilation openings made in respective habitable rooms of upper and lower floors and connected to the outdoor side, air passage holes made in partitions or fittings of a house, and an exhausting ventilation fan installed on the external wall of a hall or a ceiling. SOLUTION: Pierced air holes 11a, 12a, 21a, 22a connected to an open ceiling hall 31 are provided in respective habitable rooms 11, 12, 21, 22 of upper and lower floors. The outside air enters from ventilation holes 11b, 12b, 21b, 22b connected to the outside and ventilates the hall 31 through pierced holes provided on partitions 41, 42, 43, 44. Then, a ventilation fan 32 in the hall 31 is driven to suck the air in the hall 31 upward and discharge it to the outside through the attic space 33 for ventilation of the habitable rooms 11, 12, 21, 22. Accordingly, the house is ventilated in a good balance and hence, a pleasant life can be secured equally in every habitable room.

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To manufacture the strong plane of a roof structure by a roof surface and a ceiling surface while lightening the burden of the execution of works on a field. SOLUTION: In a roof unit, a roof panel 1, in which a roof face material 13 is installed to a roof framework, in which rafters 11, 11... and girder-side roof tie beams 12, 12, etc., are incorporated, and a ceiling panel 2, in which a ceiling face material 23 is mounted on a ceiling framework, in which ceiling floor joists 21, 21... and girder-side ceiling tie beams 22, 22, etc., are incorporated, are oppositely arranged vertically under a mutually separate state while being connected and unified through diagonal members 3a, 3b assembled to a truss structure and vertical members 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b. Since a roof surface and a ceiling surface are connected mutually by the truss structure, the plane of a roof structure resisting horizontal force can be acquired. Since the roof unit can be manufactured beforehand under exact quality control, the ventilation performance and heat-insulating performance of a small attic are stabilized.

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To realize all of mutually contrary characteristics of a high heat- insulation property, an air-tightness, and a high ventilation property. SOLUTION: Inside and outside double heat-insulation materials 2, 10, 15 are arranged through a space 14 in the inside of an exterior material 4 surrounding the periphery of a building. The upper end and the lower end of the space 14 are an attic space 13 and an underfloor space 11 respectively. These attic space and the underfloor space are connected to the outside air through freely opened/closed first and second dampers 17, 19. It is preferable that the first and second dampers move in the same way by the interlocked connection.

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To securely ventilate an attic space of an inclined roof through a lapping ridge, by laying a pair of folded roofing boards in a roof with a specified inclination and a specified distance between the opposite ends of the roofing boards and providing a lapping ridge between these opposite ends so as to cover the clearance and forming a ventilation passage connected from the attic space to the outdoor side through the clearance, in the lapping ridge. SOLUTION: A pair of folded roofing materials 4 are laid in the roof 3 of a building 2, with a specified inclination and a specified clearance 1 between the opposite ends of the roofing materials. A lapping ridge 5 is installed between the opposite ends of both folded roofing materials 4 so as to cover the clearance 1. A ventilation passage 7 is formed in the lapping ridge 5 connected from the attic space 6 to the outdoor side through the clearance 1. Ventilation openings 11 connecting the inside and the outside of the lapping ridge 5 are provided at the eaves side end under the lapping ridge 5. The ventilation passage 7 is connected to the inside and the outside of the attic space 6 through the ventilation openings 11.

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To improve living environment of a small attic by tensely fitting sheathing roof boards tensely providing structural plywood of thickness capable of insuring fixed strength on both sides of a polystyrene foam board of proper thickness onto roof rafters. SOLUTION: Structural plywood is stuck on both sides of a lengthy polystyrene foam board through adhesive and the like. For example, pair-posts 7 are standingly provided on a level beam 6 and they are spanned with a doubling 8, a central post 9 is erected, a purlin 10 is loaded thereon, and a main house 12 is built on the doubling 8 and principal rafters 11. In addition, sheathing roof boards A omitting rafters are arranged on the purlin 10 and the main house 12 along the inclination of a roof. Inn this case, the sheathing roof board A is formed into a lengthy plate of 2×8 feet, and a connecting part is arranged on the short feet edge. Hereby, By the roof construction using the sheathing roof board A, the tensely providing work of the sheathing roof board A and a heat insulating work can be simultaneously executed, and hence the work can be simplified.

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To install a living room in an attic space while unnecessitating a horizontal brace and to utilize a ceiling as it is as a working stage at the time when a roof frame body is assembled. SOLUTION: Face boards 2 for a structure are mounted on the underside of an attic space 1 and a ceiling 3 is constituted. Horizontal force applied to the ceiling 3 can be burdened by the face boards 2 for structure by mounting the face boards 2 for structure on the underside of the attic space 1 and configuring the ceiling 3. Since the ceiling 3 is composed of the face boards 2 for structure, a living room can also be set up into the attic space 1. The ceiling constituting the main bodies of the face boards 2 for structure can be used as a working stage at a time when a roof frame body is assembled.

Abstract: Abstract While the great majority of black- and red-figure Ilioupersis representations are not found in combination with other Ilioupersis scenes, examples survive in sufficient numbers to indicate that combination was practised with relative frequency. In the following pages I survey the known examples, and although the small pool of data makes the search for trends and development precarious, I attempt some categorization of the vases in terms of date, shape, and manner of combination.