Abstract: A method and apparatus for venting building structures in the roof and floor areas wherein a screened pan construction is secured to the underside of the roof so as to allow the filling of insulation material, and the like, without obstructing the flow of outside air into and out of the attic space between the ceiling and roof; the same screened pan is secured in the area between the subfloor and foundation of the building structure allowing air flow between the outside of the building and the area beneath the floor structure.

Abstract: A cap which can be attached to a roof vent pipe to form a closure for the roof vent pipe after the usual ventilating device attached to the roof vent pipe has been removed thereby trapping hot air in the attic area of a home or other building. The roof vent cap is of one-piece unitary construction secured in place by anchoring screws which may be the same screws that secure the roof ventilator in place with the cap including three depending cylindrical flanges of different lengths which can be mounted on different diameter roof vent pipes thereby rendering the cap universal in use. The variation in length enables access to anchor screws on each of the flanges.

Abstract: Experimental results obtained by guarded hot box testing of low density loose-fill insulations have been analyzed using convective models. Closed and open specimens have been studied in an attic configuration with heat flow up. Experiments were conducted with and without a transverse air flow across the top of the specimens. The occurrence of convective movements inside the insulation was investigated for different applied thermal gradients and air permeabilities of insulation. Comparisons between theoretical and experimental results are presented and discussed. The study has shown that the boundary conditions at the open top surface of an attic insulation are the driving force in determining thermal performance. Both the model and the experiments have shown that a significant reduction in thermal performance for presently used glass fiber insulations can only occur under severe climatic conditions (i.e., where a temperature difference greater than 40°C will be present).

Abstract: Cooling season tests were conducted in three unoccupied ranch-style houses in Karns, Tennessee, to determine the effects on attic radiant barrier performance incurred by changes in attic ventilation area ratio, attic ventilation type, and the buildup of dust on horizontal radiant barriers All three houses had R-19 fiberglass batt insulation in their attics Horizontal radiant barriers were artificially dusted and the dusted barriers showed measurable performance degradations, although the dusted barriers were still superior to no radiant barriers Dust loadings of 034 and 074 mg/cm{sup 2} reduced a clean radiant barrier surface emissivity of 0055 to 0125 and 0185, respectively Total house cooling load increases amounted to 23 and 84% compared to house loads with clean horizontal barriers, respectively When compared to R-19 with no horizontal radiant barrier conditions, the dusted horizontal radiant barriers reduced cooling loads by about 7% Testing showed that increasing the attic ventilation area ratio from the minimum recommended of 1/300 (1 ft{sup 2} of effective ventilation area per 300 ft{sup 2} of attic area) to 1/150 had little if any effect on the house cooling load with either truss or horizontal barriers present in the attics Radiant barriers, however, still reduced the house cooling loadmore » 18 refs, 17 figs, 26 tabs« less

Abstract: A building heating system includes a plurality of intake ducts located at various spaced apart locations in an attic as well as temperature sensors and a control circuit. The system has the intake duct located closest to the highest temperature air in the attic operated to draw air into the system.

Abstract: Several fragments of 4th-century BC Athenian decree-inscriptions are discussed. Joins are made between IG ii2. 13a and 68 and Hesperia, 40, no. 3; IG ii2. 257 and 300; 242 and 373; 407 and SEG 32. 94; IG ii2. 309 and 552; 530 and 590. Attributed to the same stele, but not joining, are IG ii2. 139 and 289; 277 and 428; 540a and SEG 24. 117; IG ii2. 540b and Hesperia, 21, no. 17; IG ii2. 286 and 625; 414a and 403; 398a (+ 438) and 612; 484 and 558; 489 and 532; 495 and 709; 405 and Hesperia, 4, no. 32. Other decrees discussed, mainly in light of the work of A.S. Henry on the formulae of Athenian decrees, are IG ii2. 44; 81; 121; 129; 147; 154; 155; 156; 285+ 414d; 321; 335; 364; 406; 416; 1001; and SEG 21. 362 and 25. 85.

Abstract: PURPOSE:To perform ventilation efficiently by opening under floor ventilation holes, ventilation dampers, and roof duct dampers to circulate the air taken from the under floor ventilation holes into a building when the ambient temperature is high. CONSTITUTION:When the ambient temperature rises, attic ventilation holes 17, under floor ventilation holes 18, and ventilation dampers 19 are opened, the air in roof ducts 10 and exterior wall ducts 12 becomes an ascending current, and is exhausted outside from the attic ventilation holes 17. The air taken from the under floor ventilating holes 18 is exhausted outside through the ducts 12, 10, and 13, so that the entire building is kept cool. The damper plate 24 of each damper or ventilating hole is closed at 15 deg.C, and opened at 20 deg.C, for example, by a spring made of shape memory alloy 28.

Abstract: PURPOSE: To ventilate an attic space sufficiently by interconnecting a roof corner space, surrounded by a parapet and a roof cover, to the outside of a building and also to the attic space at the backside of a folding palte, respectively, and installing a guiding palte in the roof cover. CONSTITUTION: A corrugated folding plate 1 is formed with a crest part 11 and a root part, a parapet 2 is installing in front of this folding this folding palte 1 and a reinforcer 4 is set up on the crest part 11 of the folding palate 1. Then, a clearance between each of tip parts of the parapet 2 and the reinforcer 4 is covered with a roof cover 5, and a guiding plate 50 is installed in access to a tip of the folding plate 1. Next, a roof corner space A is formed with the parapet 2 and the roof cover 5, and it is interconnected to the outside of a building through a ventilating opening 52 and also to an attic space B at the backside of the folding palte 1, respectively. With this constitution, fresh air is taken into the attic space B so that it is sufficiently ventilable. COPYRIGHT: (C)1992,JPO&Japio

Abstract: The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) Simplified Program for Residential Energy (ESPRE) was used to determine the heating and cooling loads for a hypothetical 1600-ft{sup 2} structure located in three climates (hot, moderate, and cold) and equipped with either passive or active insulation systems. The passive (i.e., time-invariant) insulation systems studied included thermal resistance values for the attic, floor, and walls of 0.5, 19, and 38 h{center dot}ft{sup 2}{center dot}{degree}F/Btu; absorptance values for the roof and walls of 0.1, 0.5, and 0.8; and window transmittance values of 0.1, 0.5, and 0.8. The annual heating-plus-cooling load was calculated for 430 passive systems. The wide variety of passive insulation systems were then optimized using a postsimulation program to establish the minimum load that would result if a set of passive systems could be made active (i.e., switchable from one passive system to another, depending on which passive system produced the lowest heating-plus-cooling load). The annual heating-plus-cooling load was established for 171 active systems. The predicted annual loads with passive insulation systems having an attic thermal resistance of 38 and floor and wall resistances of 19 were Phoenix, Arizona, 58 MBtu; Lexington, Kentucky, 62 MBtu; and Minneapolis, Minnesota, 90 MBtu. The most energy-conservingmore » systems predicted savings of 20 to 25 MBtu/year in all three climates. Because active fenestration systems yielded nearly half of this potential savings, these systems deserve further study. 19 refs., 7 figs., 25 tabs.« less

Abstract: A roof is intended to be further developed such that the room temperature of an attic is reduced in the event of insolation or that the heat loss is reduced in the event of winter temperatures. The roofing tiles (10) of the roof according to the invention exhibit, on the underside, an insulating chamber (13) which is closed by a panel manufactured from a bitumen roofing sheet or by a sheet. The insulating chamber (13) is delimited laterally by peripheral border webs (12). An insulating core may also be introduced into the insulating chamber (13). In order to avoid a build-up of heat, two mutually parallel, spaced-apart border webs (12, 17) may be integrally formed on in the lower border region. This forms a ventilating chamber (18). The webs (12) and (17) are then equipped with mutually offset ventilating openings (18, 19). The roof is suitable for buildings of all types, but is particularly intended for roofs of residential buildings.

Abstract: PURPOSE:To improve the construction performance by introducing each electric wire of a solar battery of a solar battery tile laid on a roof ground member into an attic through the roof ground member and connecting the electric wires in the attic. CONSTITUTION:A solar battery tile 1 is laid through the installation onto a roof ground member 7 by using nails, etc., in utilization of an installation hole part 6 so that the solar battery 3 part is exposed. Then, a sealing member 12 consisting of an adhesive sealing member 13 and a molded sealing member 14 is attached onto the upper surface of a waterproof sheet laid on the ground member 7. Then, electric wires 4 and 5 are introduced into an attic through the communication hole 15 on a sealing member 12 and the communication hole on the ground member 7. Further, the electric wires 4 and 5 for the solar battery 3 which are introduced into the attic are connected in parallel.

Abstract: PURPOSE:To make the usage space changeable by providing fixed space rooms having fixed floor faces and fixed ceilings and adjacent moving space rooms having vertically moving floors CONSTITUTION:A fixed space room 40 and a moving space room 41 are provided on the first floor, and a fixed space room 42 is provided on the moving space room 41 and a moving space room 43 is provided on the fixed space room 40 respectively on the second floor A fixed floor 48a and a ceiling 53 are provided in the fixed space room 42, and a moving floor 56 is vertically movably provided in the moving space room 43 When the moving floor 56 is located at the lowermost position, a ceiling space 57 is formed between a fixed floor 45a and the moving floor 56 An attic space 58 is formed between the moving floor 56 and a ceiling 55, and an underfloor space 50 is formed between a moving floor 49 and a fixed floor 47 respectively The dwelling environment can be changed

Abstract: Provided on the underside of the roof, which, in particular, may be pitched, is a bottom shuttering (3) on which the roof rafters (5) are mounted by means of spacers (7). In this arrangement, the spacers (7) are introduced from the outset into the roof rafters (5). The spacers (7) are also concreted into the concrete ceiling (11). In this manner, the thickness of the concrete ceiling (11) is fixed by the spacers (7), and the roof rafters (5) serve as a guide for producing the concrete ceiling (11). The construction of the roof is thus simplified considerably. For more steeply pitched roofs, a top shuttering (15) for the concrete ceiling (11) may additionally be provided between the roof rafters (5), it also being possible for said shuttering (15) to be designed as a travelling shuttering.

Abstract: PURPOSE:To provide the comfortable habitability of a house by a method wherein the flow of air in an air passage matches each of that during the summer and that during the winter and the flows being completely different from each other are produced. CONSTITUTION:At an indoor high temperature period during the summer season, by means of a signal from a temperature sensor TH, a discharge passage opening and closing device 1 is opened, and an attic ventilating fan 2 is actuated. By opening an underfloor ventilating hole 4, hot air in an attic is discharged to the outside and cold air flows through an underfloor ventilating hole 4. Therefore, even during the summer season, temperature in a room is not increased to so high value. At an indoor low temperature period during the winter season, a discharge passage opening closing device 1 is closed by means of a temperature season TH, and a vertical duct fan 3 is actuated. By closing the underfloor ventilating hole 4, air heated by heat transmitted from a wall and a roof on the south and residing in an attic descends from the vertical duct fan 3 through a hollow columnar body 7 to an underfloor space 9. The air is raised along a wall space 10 and circulated in a house. This constitution forces a room to be warmed from a floor and the lower part of a wall and throughout the whole of the room.

Abstract: PURPOSE:To dry an under floor section and eliminate humidity from said section by absorbing the air in an attic of a house, blowing the absorbed air into the under floor section substantially from the center of the under floor section, and ventilating the under floor section. CONSTITUTION:An attempt is made to absorb air in an attic 9 of a house 1 and blow the absorbed air directed at an under floor section approximately from the center of the under floor section. When a switch of a fan 12 is turned on, the warm air in the attic 9 is absorbed into a mounting chamber 10, and blown off at the under floor section. This air is forced to flow almost over the entire under floor section, and to be discharged outside, passing through an air communication port in a foundation 2. Therefore, the under floor section is ventilated and dried up as well. Since the air in the attic 9 is arranged to be forcibly supplied and ventilated, the under floor section is dried with the warm air in the attic so that humidity may be eliminated. It is, therefore, possible to prevent the corrosion of building materials, extend their service life and prevent the generation of termites as well.

Abstract: Abstract Black-Figured vases continue to be the main, though not the best, Attic product in the last third of the sixth century, and the two styles of writing, the fine and the sloppy, are still found.

Abstract: Abstract If we consider the thoroughness with which the antiquities of Athens have been explored, the scarcity and low quality of extant Attic inscriptions of the eighth and seventh centuries cannot be accidental. Before the time of Draco Athens was a cultural backwater—not a suitable location for the composition of the Homeric poems, as some have thought. The only very early inscription on stone is a graffito, 8. The earliest Attic stone inscriptions are dated by Jeffery to the last quarter of the seventh century, a date perhaps too early for one of them (below, p. 23). The Attic script between 750 and 625 BC cannot be reconstructed for lack of evidence, since the largest group of published inscriptions, the Hymettus graffiti, were written by persons of limited writing skill. On the whole, the types of inscriptions found in this period resemble those of later periods, with some exceptions such as signatures. Unusual among them, however, are the egraphsen texts from Hymettus, probably connected with dedications, and the names on storage amphorae.3 All these inscriptions are informal and written by vase-painters and by the general run of users of vases; none are professional.

Abstract: Abstract In the seventh century we find a small group of painted inscriptions on vases.1 Several of the inscribed vases were found in Aegina (9, 10, 15) and some have recently been attributed by Morris to a separate Aeginetan workshop.2 The inscription on 10 is certainly not Attic. Only one inscription is dated substantially earlier than c.660 BC:

Abstract: Abstract We saw earlier that while painted inscriptions appear on vases from the late eighth century on, the first such inscriptions (9) is from Aegina and not certainly Attic. Likewise, the earliest mythological name, from the second quarter of the seventh century, is clearly Aeginetan (10); it is contemporary with the appearance of such names on Protocorinthian vases. It is not before the last quarter of the century that we get more than the occasional painted inscription on Attic pottery. Corinth clearly took the lead in the custom of applying inscriptions to vases. The style of Attic dipinti imitates the Corinthian: the letters are large and broad, and are arranged in bands which fill empty spaces rather than following the contours of the figures. This writing style prevails until the end of the first quarter of the sixth century, when both in Corinth and in Athens, though independently, a certain modernization takes place.

Abstract: Abstract No extant Attic inscriptions are earlier than the third quarter of the eighth century BC; nor am I aware of potters’ marks or other signs on Attic Protogeometric or Early Geometric pottery, with the exception of an upright painted cross under one handle of a Protogeometric amphora from the Athenian Agora. In view of the large quantity of Attic pottery from these periods, this fact supports the notion that Greece was illiterate in the first quarter of the first millennium BC, especially since potters’ marks are frequent in the Mycenaean period and reappear after the middle of the eighth century.