TL;DR: Bijker and Law as discussed by the authors carried forward the project of creating a theory of technological development and implementation that is strongly grounded in both sociology and history, addressing the central question of how technologies become stabilized, how they attain a final form and use that is generally accepted.
Abstract: Technology is everywhere, yet a theory of technology and its social dimension remains to be fully developed. Building on the influential book The Social Construction of Technological Systems, this volume carries forward the project of creating a theory of technological development and implementation that is strongly grounded in both sociology and history. The 12 essays address the central question of how technologies become stabilized, how they attain a final form and use that is generally accepted. The essays are tied together by a general introduction, part introductions, and a theoretical conclusion.The first part of the book examines and criticizes the idea that technologies have common life cycles; three case studies cover the history of a successful but never produced British jet fighter, the manipulation of patents by a French RD two studies argue for a strong sociotechnology in which artifact and social context are viewed as a single seamless web, while the third looks at the ways in which a social program is a technology.Wiebe E. Bijker is Associate Professor at the University of Limburg, The Netherlands. John Law is Professor in Sociology at the University of Keele, Staffordshire, England.
TL;DR: Tichenor et al. as discussed by the authors found that increasing the flow of news on a topic leads to greater acquisition of knowledge about that topic among the more highly educated segments of society, and whether the resulting knowledge gap closes may depend partly on whether the stimulus intensity of mass media publicity is maintained at a high level, or is reduced or eliminated at a point when only the more active persons have gained that knowledge.
Abstract: Data from four types of research-news diffusion studies, time trends, a newspaper strike, and a field experiment-are consistent with the general hypothesis that increasing the flow of news on a topic leads to greater acquisition of knowledge about that topic among the more highly educated segments of society. Whether the resulting knowledge gap closes may depend partly on whether the stimulus intensity of mass media publicity is maintained at a high level, or is reduced or eliminated at a point when only the more active persons have gained that knowledge. Phillip J. Tichenor is Associate Professor of Journalism and Mass Communication at the University of Minnesota. George A. Donohue is Professor of Sociology and Clarice N. Olien is Instructor in Sociology, also at the University of Minnesota. This analysis was supported by Project 27-18, Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station.
TL;DR: Schmitter et al. as discussed by the authors presented an analysis of the role of the United States Agency for International Development (UID) in the development of the European Union's Lisbon Treaty of Lisbon.
Abstract: Philippe C. Schmitter is professor of political science and director of the Center for European Studies at Stanford University. Terry Lynn Karl is associate professor of political science and director of the Center for Latin American Studies at the same institution. The original, longer version of this essay was written at the request of the United States Agency for International Development, which is not responsible for its content.
TL;DR: GORMAN as discussed by the authors is an associate professor and Dennis Hanlon an assistant professor at the Faculty of Business Administration, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada, and Wayne Kipling is a lecturer at the University of New Brunswick.
Abstract: GARY GORMAN IS AN ASSOCIATE DEAN AND associate professor and Dennis Hanlon an assistant professor at the Faculty of Business Administration, Memorial University ofNewfoundland, Canada, and Wayne Ki...
TL;DR: In this paper, an associate professor at New York University's Stern School of Business uncovers answers about who are the employers in paid crowdsourcing, what tasks they post, and how much they pay.
Abstract: An associate professor at New York Universitys Stern School of Business uncovers answers about who are the employers in paid crowdsourcing, what tasks they post, and how much they pay.