TL;DR: A phylogenetic analysis suggests that younginiforms are not part of the crown group of diapsids, and Apsisaurus witteri is identified as a diapsid, based on the presence of both a lateral temporal fenestra and a suborbital fenESTra.
TL;DR: Paleozoic varanopid synapsids and diapsids, rare members of the terrestrial fossil assemblages, appear to have acquired a number of interesting similarities that have resulted in their frequent misidentification as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Paleozoic varanopid synapsids and diapsids, rare members of the terrestrial fossil assemblages, are not closely related to each other but appear to have acquired a number of interesting similarities that have resulted in their frequent misidentification. They have relatively gracile skeletons, especially when compared to their contemporary synapsid and reptilian relatives. In addition, most varanopids and diapsids of the Upper Carboniferous and Lower and Middle Permian are quite small, have slender limbs, and a lower temporal fenestra, often with a slender lower temporal bar. Consequently, assignment of these small predators to one of these two clades has often been difficult, espe