Abstract: An organic electroluminescent device comprises an anode, a positive-hole transport layer made of an organic compound, an emitting layer made of an organic compound, and a cathode which are layered in sequence, further comprising an electron-injecting layer containing at least one of alkaline earth metal oxides and disposed between the emitting layer and the cathode. This device emits light at a high luminance and a high efficiency upon application of a low voltage together with reduction of the decrement of luminance in the running of emitting light of the device. Selection scope for cathode materials is expanded because of the device is free from the restriction of a low work function for the cathode layer. The cathode can be made a transparent electrode such as ITO. Anode and cathode lines may be formed with low resistance material. As a result, emitting efficiency and life time of the device is improved.

Abstract: An organic Electroluminescence device comprises an electron hole transport layer, an organic emitting layer and an organic hole transport layer laminated in sequence and arranged between the cathode and the anode, in characterized in that the electron transport layer made of 1,10- or 1,7- or 4,7-phenanthroline derivative or 5,6 -dihydro-dibenzo[bj]phenanthroline derivative. This Electroluminescence device is capable of improving the durability and to emit blue light at a high luminance and a high efficiency upon application of a low voltage.

Abstract: Numerical simulations of electrical stimulation of cardiac tissue using a unipolar extracellular electrode were performed. The bidomain model with unequal anisotropy ratios represented the tissue, and the Beeler-Reuter model represented the active membrane properties. Four types of excitation were considered: cathode make (CM), anode make (AM), cathode break (CB), and anode break (AB). The mechanisms of excitation were: for CM, tissue under the cathode was depolarized to threshold; for AM, tissue at a virtual cathode was depolarized to threshold; for CB, a long cathodal pulse produced a steady-state depolarization under the cathode and hyperpolarization at a virtual anode. At the end (break) of the pulse, the depolarization diffused into the hyperpolarized tissue, resulting in excitation. For AB, a long anodal pulse produced a steady-state hyperpolarization under the anode and depolarization at a virtual cathode. At the end (break) of the pulse, the depolarization diffused into the hyperpolarized tissue, resulting in excitation. For AB stimulation, decay of the hyperpolarization faster than that of the depolarization was necessary. The thresholds for rheobase and diastolic CM, AM, CB, and AB stimulation were 0.038, 0.41, 0.49, and 5.3 mA, respectively, for an electrode length of 1 mm and a surface area of 1.5 mm/sup 2/. Threshold increased as the size of the electrode increased. The strength-duration curves for CM and AM were similar except when the duration was shorter than 0.2 ms, in which case the AM threshold rose more quickly with decreasing duration than did the CM threshold. CM and AM resulted in similar strength-frequency curves. The model agrees qualitatively, but (in some cases) not quantitatively, with experiments.

Abstract: An ohmic hole injecting electrode or contact (110, 112) for diode structures is disclosed. It is formed of multilayer composite materials (110, 112) and gives superior results in this application. The composite materials include a layer of a high work function inorganic material (112) and a layer of conductive polyaniline ('PANI') (110). In preferred embodiments (140), the anode has substantial transparency. These preferred materials can function as transparent electrodes in light-related diodes such as LEDs and photovoltaic cells where they exhibit lower turn on voltages and higher efficiencies.

Abstract: In this study the performance of CeO{sub 2} and Rh supported on CeO{sub 2} as anodes in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) was investigated. Experiments were conducted using a model SOFC consisting of an electrolyte disk of yttria-stabilized zirconia with thin films of samaria-doped ceria as both the anode and cathode. The current-voltage characteristics of the cell were measured for H{sub 2}, CO, and CH{sub 4} fuels as a function of the thickness of the CeO{sub 2} anode and the Rh loading. For H{sub 2} as the fuel, it was found that the cell performance was largely independent of the anode design, suggesting that, for this fuel, reaction on the anode was not limiting. In contrast, for CH{sub 4}, it was observed that the maximum current density produced by the cell was highly dependent on both the CeO{sub 2} film thickness and the Rh loading. This suggests that for CH{sub 4} the catalytic properties of the anode are important for good performance. Since during the CH{sub 4} experiments only negligible amounts of H{sub 2}O were produced (the fractional conversion was maintained below 10{sup -5}), this study also demonstrated that it is possible to oxidize CH{sub 4} electrochemically in a SOFCmore » without prior steam reforming. The implications of these results to the design of practical SOFCs are discussed. 24 refs., 5 figs.« less

Abstract: An x-ray head according to the invention includes an evacuated chamber in which a cathode and an anode are disposed and electrical connections from the anode and cathode extending through the wall of the evacuated chamber. The cathode may include a gated array of field emission elements, an array of solid state miniature thermionic cathodes, or ferroelectric cathodes. The anode is a metal producing x-ray radiation in response to the impact of electrons produced by the cathode. The anode may be a foil, a thin film of metal deposited on the inside surface of a wall of the evacuated chamber, or a self-supporting body of a metal that produces x-rays in response to electron impacts. The wiring may include conventional pins penetrating through and sealed to the wall of the chamber for connection to a flexible cable.

Abstract: This invention features polymer-based batteries comprising metal anodes and an oxygen gas cathode. The oxygen is not stored in the battery but rather it is accessed from the environment. This solid-state battery is constructed by sandwiching a metal ion conductive polymer electrolyte film between a metal anode (negative electrode) and a composite carbon electrode which serves as the cathode current collector on which the electroactive oxygen is reduced during discharge of the battery to generate electric current. The metal anodes include lithium, magnesium, sodium, calcium, aluminum and zinc.

Abstract: A proton exchange membrane fuel cell device with an internal water management and transfer system includes a plurality of adjacently arranged proton exchange membrane assemblies including a proton exchange membrane component; a pair of porous anode and cathode catalyst layers situated on either side of the proton exchange membrane; and porous plate assemblies interposed between and in contact with each of the adjacent proton exchange membrane assemblies. Oxidant gas is supplied to oxidant gas supply channels, and fuel gas to fuel gas supply channels formed in the porous plate assemblies for distribution to the cathode and anode catalyst layers, respectively. A water coolant circulating system is formed in each of the porous plate assemblies and causes each of the porous plate assemblies to become saturated with coolant water. The reactant flow fields are pressurized to a pressure which exceeds the coolant water circulating pressure by a selected ΔP so as to ensure that product water formed on the cathode side of each membrane assembly will be pumped through the porous plates into the coolant water flow field and become entrained in the circulating coolant water stream.

Abstract: Carbon nanotubes are produced by successively repositioning an axially extending rod-like carbonaceous anode relative to a cathode surface such that a tip end surface of the anode successively faces on different portions of the cathode surface while impressing a direct current voltage therebetween, so that an arc discharge occur with the simultaneous formation of carbonaceous deposits containing carbon nanotubes on each of the portions of the cathode surface The carbonaceous deposits are scraped and collected A device for carrying out the above method includes a driving member for displacing the cathode surface relative to the anode

Abstract: An organic light emitting device (OLED) having an organic active (53) region with at least one emission layer (EL) further comprises at least one organic charge transport layer (52) (either a hole transport layer or an electron transport layer), an anode (51) and a cathode (54). This organic charge transport layer (52) is alloyed by introduction of an inorganic component. If said alloyed charge transport layer (52) is a hole transport layer (HTL), for example, the holes are conducted through it by means of the inorganic constituents with reduced voltage drop or heating.

Abstract: A mass spectrometric setup was designed which allows an on-line, and thus real-time, analysis of the products of methanol oxidation in a prototype direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) operating at 150 to 190 C. Platinum-black and platinum-ruthenium were used as anode catalysts. The methanol/water mole ratio in the anode feed and the fuel cell operating temperature were varied, and the relative product distribution was determined as a function of these parameters. For pure methanol feed, methanaldimethylacetal was found to be the main product, while an excess of water in the anode under all conditions studied. Increase in the fuel-cell operating temperature led to an increase of the relative product distribution of CO{sub 2}. Platinum black was found to be more selective toward methylformate and methanaldimethylacetal formation than platinum-ruthenium. Cycling the fuel cell anode at 1 mV/s, platinum-ruthenium showed lower onset potentials for both CO{sub 2} ({approximately}0.2 vs. {approximately}0.35 V vs. RHE) and methanaldimethylacetal ({approximately}0.15 vs. {approximately}0.3 V vs. RHE) formation than platinum.

Abstract: A rechargeable lithium ion battery comprises a plurality of interleaved flexible electrolytic cells, each of which is a unitary planar laminated structure comprising polymeric anode (13), cathode (17), and intermediate electrolyte layers (15) disposed between electrically conductive anode (11) and cathode collector foil (19) elements. One of the collector foils (19) of a cell has an open grid structure to allow penetration of electrolyte solution into the cell layer while the other is substantially more continuous to provide supporting strength to the cell. At least a pair of cells (54, 58) having respective continuous foil anode and cathode collectors are interleaved in spiral-folded fashion to present the collector foils at the outer surface of the resulting structure to provide terminal contacts for the resulting high-capacity, low-profile battery.

Abstract: The charge‐discharge behavior of a lithium metal anode in propylene carbonate (PC) electrolyte containing added was investigated using in situ ac impedance measurements during galvanostatic cycling. In PC electrolyte with , the anode's cycle life was twice as long and its charge transfer resistance was smaller than in the same electrolyte without . These enhancements are observed only when lithium is electrodeposited in the presence of on nickel substrate; the enhancement does not occur when lithium is deposited without and is cycled with . Even large amounts of in the electrolyte during cycling do not adversely affect the cycle life enhancement by . The enhancement seems to be due to products formed by reaction of lithium with on the electrodeposited lithium surface.

Abstract: The distribution of ion current density as a function of angle from the thruster axis was measured at nominal operating conditions of 300 Volts discharge voltage and 4.5 Amperes discharge current for two SPT-100 stationary plasma thrusters from Fakel Enterprises, a D-55 anode layer thruster from the Central Scientific Research Institute for Machine Building (TsNIIMASH), and a first, second, and third generation T-100 stationary plasma thruster from the Scientific Research Institute of Thermal Process (NIITP). The data showed that the current density distributions of these thrusters were similar. Some differences in peak ion current density were observed. Multiply charged ions were found to be a small fraction of the plasma plume for all of the thrusters. The effect of facility pressure on ion current density distribution was found to be nonnegligible at pressures above 2 x 10(exp -6) Torr. The ion current density distributions of a new SPT-100 and a 6000 hour wear tested SPT-100 exhibited no discernible difference. Ion current density measurements were also taken at off-nominal thruster operating conditions.

Abstract: An electroluminescent device is disclosed comprising in sequence, an anode, an organic hole injecting and transporting zone, an organic electron injecting and transporting zone, and a cathode. An AC drive scheme for the electroluminescent device is disclosed which provides the device with a longer operational life.

Abstract: Molten salt electrolysis is a proven technology for the extraction of metals—all the world's primary aluminum is produced in this manner. The unique properties of molten salts also make them excellent media in which to treat a variety of forms of waste. Of special note in this regard is electrolysis in molten oxides, a concept put forward by the author, initially as a “clean technology” for producing primary metal. However, in the context of waste treatment, elcctrolysis in molten oxides is a process offering the prospect of changing the valence of dissolved heavy metals while making pure oxygen gas as the main by-product. Laboratory tests conducted at a temperature of 1550 °C on chromate sludge dissolved in melt composed of Al2O3, SiO2, CaO, and MgO have confirmed electrochemical production of oxygen on a carbon-free anode.

Abstract: The present invention concerns a rechargeable lithium electrochemical cell comprising an anode containing a carbon-containing material with a degree of crystallinity which is greater than 0.8 and an electrolyte comprising a lithium salt and a mixture of at least two aprotic organic solvents, of which the first solvent has a high dielectric constant and the second solvent has low viscosity. The electrolyte further contains a soluble compound of the same type as at least one of said solvents and contains at least one unsaturated bond, and which can be reduced at the anode at a potential of more than 1 volt with respect to lithium to form a passivation layer.

Abstract: An electrostatic discharge (ESD) circuit for protecting a semiconductor integrated circuit (IC) device is disclosed. One ESD circuit is located between each I/O buffering pad that connects to one lead pin and the internal circuitry of IC. The ESD circuit is connected to both power terminals. The ESD circuit comprises first and second low-voltage-trigger SCRs (LVTSCRs), each having an anode, a cathode, an anode gate and a cathode gate. The anode and anode gate of the first SCR are connected to a first power terminal, the cathode of the first SCR is connected to its I/O buffering pad, and the cathode gate of the first SCR is connected to the second power terminal. The ESD circuit further comprises a PMOS transistor having drain, source, gate, and bulk terminals. The PMOS transistor's gate, source and bulk terminals are connected to the first power terminal, the PMOS transistor drain terminal is connected to the cathode gate of the first SCR. The cathode and cathode gate of the second SCR are connected to the second power terminals. The anode of the second SCR is connected to its associated I/O buffering pads. The anode gate of the second SCR is connected to the first power terminal. The ESD circuit also comprises an NMOS transistor having drain, source, gate, and bulk terminals. The NMOS transistor's gate, source and bulk terminals are connected to the second power terminals. The NMOS transistor's drain terminal is connected to the anode gate of the second SCR.

Abstract: A polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell includes an anode chamber and a cathode chamber which are separated by the electrolyte membrane. The fuel cell directly oxidizes a liquid methanol fuel which is fed into the anode chamber from a liquid methanol storage container. The liquid methanol is mixed with water in the anode chamber, and the mixture passes into and through the electrolyte membrane. Some of the methanol and water pass through the membrane into the cathode chamber and into a process air stream which moves through the cathode chamber. The methanol and water are removed from the cathode chamber by evaporation into the process air stream, which then is directed into a condenser/radiator. The methanol and water vapors are condensed in the condenser/radiator, from whence the condensed water and methanol are returned to the anode chamber of the cell. The evaporating cathode process air stream provides oxygen for the fuel cell reaction, and also cools the cell.

Abstract: An improved electrolytic capacitor is provided by producing an anode foil which has areas which are not subject to stress during manufacturing being highly etched and those areas which are subject to stress during manufacturing being lightly etched or not etched at all. The process of the invention provides an etch mask to cover during the etch process those portions of the anode foil which will be subjected to stress during construction of the capacitor. The highly etched areas, which are very brittle, provide increased capacitance and thus improved energy density. For layered or stacked capacitors, a weld tab is covered with the etch mask to allow connection of the anode layers. Additionally, strong edges may be maintained thereby reducing the possibility of cracking that would normally occur during the stamping and assembly operations. For flat or oval capacitors made by rolling or winding the capacitor element on a large arbor, and then flattening the element by compressing it in a press, high stress occurs at the sharp bends resulting in cracking or breaking if the foil is not flexible. The method of the invention allows high gain foil to be used in the flat areas, while masking strengthens the locations where the sharp bends occur, thereby improving the capacitance.

Abstract: A continuous strip is electrochemically processed in an electrolytic processing bath using either a thin flexible or resilient dielectric wiping blade or an open web, plastic mesh to wipe bubbles of gas from the surface, sever dendritic material, if such is present, and to remove a surface layer of partially depleted electrolytic solution, replacing with fresh solution and to stabilize strip portions extending between support rolls. The resilient dielectric wiper blade is preferably used with perforated anodes which allow fresh electrolytic solution to flow into the space between the anodes and the strip surface after being expelled by passage of the strip past the wiping blade. The wiping blades may also be angularly oriented with respect to the strip to increase the wiping effectiveness. The open web, plastic mesh wiper is particularly effective in providing the best spacing between the strip and the electrodes to prevent arcing and also prevents catching of any filter cloth used over the electrodes upon the strip. Electrodes in a circular configuration may be used.

Abstract: We report the use of an oxadiazole‐containing polymer, poly(phenylene‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole‐ phenylene‐hexafluoroisopropylidene) (PPOPH), as the electron injection layer in polymer light‐emitting diodes. By introducing a PPOPH layer between the cathode (aluminum) and the luminescent polymer (poly(2‐methoxy‐5‐(2’‐ethyl‐hexyloxy)‐1,4‐phenylene vinylene), the device performance was significantly improved; the quantum efficiency increased by a factor of 40, close to that of the same device using calcium as the cathode. By utilizing a porous polyaniline network electrode as the anode, the operating voltage was lowered by a factor of 2 with turn on at ∼5×105 V/cm.

Abstract: A polymer composite cathode prepared from polyaniline and 2,5-dimercapto-1, 3,4-thiadiazole shows high gravimetric energy density when it is coupled with a lithium anode. However, charging and discharging currents should be 0.05 mA/sq cm or less, otherwise the cycle life is shortened. Addition of a polypyrrole derivative, poly(3-butylcarboxylate- 4-methylpyrrole), to the composite cathode enabled rapid charging at 0.2 mA/sq cm without undue deterioration of the energy density, but it was not effective for rapid discharging. This effect of the polypyrrole derivative may be ascribale to the electrical conductivity in its oxidized state.

Abstract: PURPOSE: To achieve complete etching cleaning, while using little nitrogen trifluoride by contacting a semiconductor material under the specified range of pressure and output in an electric anode diluent with the plasma of nitrogen trifluoride in specified concentration and nitrogen trifluoride. CONSTITUTION: This semiconductor material is contacted under pressure in the range of almost 600 to 1700 m Torr and pressure in the range of almost 0.4 to 1.4 w/cm in the nitrogen trifluoride almost from 10 to 25% and the electrid anode diluent stronger than nitrogen trifluoride. The experiment is performed by a parallel plate plasma-etching reactor 10. The reactor 10 is provided with two stainless steel electrodes 12 and 14. An RF output 20 of 13.56 MHz is sent out. NF3 24, Ar 26 and N2 28 gas are sent out through a mixing pipe 22 to the reactor 10. The reactor 10 is exhausted through a vacuum piping 30 by a molecule absorptive vacuum pump 32. The base pressure of reactor 10 is controlled, while using a flow limit throttle valve 34. A sample is directly placed on the lower electrode 14.