Abstract: A flat panel display device includes a face plate made of a transparent material, a back plate positioned parallel to the face plate, and a wall member extending between the face plate and back plate to define an airtight housing. An anode is provided on a inner surface of the face plate, a fluorescent layer is provided in association with the anode, and a cathode is provided in association with an inner surface of the back plate. A plurality of struts, made of an electrically conductive screen printed powdery material, are tightly held between the back plate and the face plate, such that an electric charge accumulated between the anode and cathode is discharged by a leakage current flowing through the struts.

Abstract: The drive circuit requirements of the OGBT are explained with the aid of an analytical model. This model can be used to describe the turn-on and turn-off, gate and anode, current and voltage waveforms for general external drive, load, and feedback circuits. It is shown that nonquasi-static effects limit the influence of the drive circuit on the time rate-of-change of the anode voltage. Model results are compared with measured turn-on and turn-off waveforms for different drive, load, and feedback circuits and for different IGBT base lifetimes. The effective output capacitance of the IGBT at turn-off is several orders of magnitude larger than that of the structurally equivalent power MOSFET and depends upon the device base lifetime because the base charge at turn-off depends upon the device base lifetime. However, the gate drain feedback capacitance is unchanged from the value for the structurally equivalent power MOSFET. Thus, the minimum gate resistance that influences the anode voltage rate-of-rise at turn-off is several orders of magnitude larger than that for the power MOSFET and varies with device base lifetime. >

Abstract: Using perovskite‐type oxide based on as a solid electrolyte, small‐size high‐temperature fuel cells were constructed and cell performances were examined. The Nd‐doped ceramic electrolyte exhibited a mixed conduction of proton and oxide ion. Mixtures of water vapor and some gases such as methanol vapor or methane were used as a fuel by internal reforming to liberate hydrogen in the anode compartment. These fuel cells worked stably above 900°C. At 1000°C, the overvoltage at both electrodes was very small and the performances of the cells were limited mainly by ohmic resistance of the solid electrolyte. Besides platinum, porous nickel was a promising anode material for this electrolyte.

Abstract: These proceedings examine the physics for high current emission and conduction observed in hollow cathode-hollow anode switches including the pseudospark and BLT, particularly centered around the triggering and conduction phase. New applications include highly emissive cathodes for microwave devices

Abstract: PURPOSE:To obtain the title element capable of emitting a yellow light with high luminance at a low voltage by putting a thin-film luminescent layer comprising a distyrylpyrazine derivative between a pair of electrodes. CONSTITUTION:A thin film of an anode substance having a thickness of 1mum or less, preferably 10-200nm, is formed on a substrate to give an anode, on which a thin film of a luminescent material comprising a distyrylpyrazine derivative of the formula (wherein X and Y are each a monovalent aromatic residue or heteroaromatic residue) and having a thickness of 5nm to 5mum is formed under the conditions of a boat heating temperature of 50-400 deg.C, a degree of vacuum of 10 -10 Pa, a rate of deposition of 0.01-50nm/sec, and a substrate temperature of -50 to 300 deg.C to provide a luminescent layer. A thin film of a cathode substance having a thickness of 1mum or less, preferably 50-200nm, is then formed to provide a cathode on the luminescent layer, thus giving the title element having a luminescent layer comprising a distyrylpyrazine derivative put between a pair of electrodes.

Abstract: The addition of small amounts of elements such as silicon, aluminium and titanium to LaNi2.5Co2.5 greatly influenced anode performance characteristics such as usable temperature range, capacity and its decay rate during repeated cycles, rate capability, low temperature dischargeability and self-discharge rate. The capacity decay was suppressed by the addition of silicon, but the rate capability decreased and the self-discharge rate increased. The alloy containing titanium exhibited a much longer cycle life, but much lower storage capacity and worse low temperature dischargeability. The addition of aluminium was very useful for improving the usable temperature range, cycle life and charge retention, and it did not cause too great a decrease in capacity and/or increase in overpotentials.

Abstract: A lithium/organosulfur redox cell (2) is disclosed which comprises a solid lithium anode (20), a liquid organosulfur cathode (40), and a barrier layer (30) formed adjacent a surface of the solid lithium anode facing the liquid organosulfur cathode consisting of a reaction product of the lithium anode with the organosulfur cathode. The organosulfur cathode comprises a material having the formula (R(S)Y)N where y = 1 to 6, n = 2 to 20, and R is one or more different aliphatic or aromatic organic moieties having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, which may include one or more oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, or fluorine atoms associated with the chain when R comprises an aliphatic chain, wherein the linear chain may be linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, and wherein either the aliphatic chain or the aromatic ring may have substituted groups thereon.

Abstract: A multi-color illumination apparatus for use in backlighting a liquid crystal display (LCD) device includes a substrate having a plurality of circuit paths made of electrically conductive foil leaf wherein the circuit path's configuration includes a number of tabs in a spaced relationship with one another and interleaved with tabs of an adjacent electrical circuit path. The tabs of one circuit path carry LED dies each of which produce a different color light with the anode of one and the cathode of the other connected to the tab. Leads connect the cathode of one and the anode of the other to the tabs of the adjacent circuit path. The second electrical circuit path also includes tabs in a spaced relationship with one another and located in registry with the tabs of the first electrical circuit path and also carry LED dies forming a second LED color pair. The second LED color pair is connected to tabs of a third electrical circuit which tabs are interleaved with the tabs of the second electrical circuit path. A light frame surrounds the outer peripheral marginal area of the substrate and diffuser tape covers the light frame and substrate below. A layer of reflective white ink covers the substrate surface and has openings in registry with the location of the LED color pairs.

Abstract: The effects of imbalanced biphasic stimulation were studied on cat skeletal muscle to determine if greater charge densities can be safely used than with balanced or monophasic stimulation. The results of the study indicate that imbalanced biphasic stimulation can be tolerated safely by tissue at or below a net dc current density of 35 microA/mm2 and not safely tolerated at or above a net dc current of 50 microA/mm2. Monophasic stimulation has been shown to be safe at or below net dc current levels of 10 microA/mm2 and in these studies we found it was not safe at or above net dc current levels of 20 microA/mm2. Stimuli were applied to muscles via coiled wire intramuscular electrodes using a regulated current source. Since the safe average current density was higher for imbalanced biphasic stimulation than for monophasic stimulation, this suggests that: (a) pH change is not the primary reaction causing tissue damage and (b) the damaging electrochemical process that takes place during a cathodic stimulation pulse can be reversed by an anodic pulse having substantially less charge than its companion cathodic pulse. We conclude that greater cathodic charge densities can be safely employed with imbalanced biphasic stimulation than with either monophasic stimulation or balanced charge biphasic stimulation.

Abstract: An electrophoretic display (10) has a grid cathode matrix arrangement consisting of a first plurality of parallel conductive lines (12) insulated from a second plurality of parallel conductive lines (14) transverse to said first plurality. Located with respect to the grid and cathode lines are first and second anode (16) structures (16, 18). The first anode (18) is remote from the second (16) with the second anode (16) overlying the grid lines (14) of the display and insulated therefrom. The second anode (16) is biased to implement typical HOLD and ERASE modes independent of the first anode.

Abstract: The construction and the fundamental studies of a repetitive flash x‐ray generator having a simple diode with an energy‐selective function are described. This generator consisted of the following components: a constant high‐voltage power supply, a high‐voltage pulser, a repetitive high‐energy impulse switching system, a turbo molecular pump, and a flash x‐ray tube. The circuit of this pulser employed a modified two‐stage surge Marx generator with a capacity during main discharge of 425pF. The x‐ray tube was of the demountable‐diode type which was connected to the turbo molecular pump and consisted of the following major devices: a rod‐shaped anode tip made of tungsten, a disk cathode made of graphite, an aluminum filter, and a tube body made of glass. Two condensers inside of the pulser were charged from 40 to 60 kV, and the output voltage was about 1.9 times the charging voltage. The peak tube voltage was primarily determined by the anode‐cathode (A‐C) space, and the peak tube current was less than 0.6 kA. The peak tube voltage slightly increased when the charging voltage was increased, but the amount of change rate was small. Thus, the maximum photon energy could be easily controlled by varying the A‐C space. The pulse width ranged from 40 to 100 ns, and the x‐ray intensity was less than 1.0 μC/kg at 0.3 m per pulse. The repetitive frequency was less than 50 Hz, and the effective focal spot size was determined by the diameter of the anode tip and ranged from 0.5 to 3.0 mm in diameter.

Abstract: PURPOSE:To obtain the subject element emitting light having high luminance in high efficiency even at low voltage and easily producible at a low cost by using a perylene derivative as a light-emitting layer of an element having a transparent electrode as at least one of the electrodes CONSTITUTION:The objective element is produced by using a perylene derivative having a peak fluorescence wavelength of 400-800nm is used in a light-emitting element having a hole injection transfer layer, a light-emitting layer, a hole barrier layer and a cathode laminated in the order on an anode, wherein at least one of the electrodes is transparent Examples of the perylene derivative are compounds of formulas I and II (R an R are 1-18C alkyl, 5-18C cycloalkyl, etc; X to X are H, Cl, etc; Y to Y are halogen, cyano, etc)

Abstract: The present inveniton resides in a metal-air battery consisting of one or more cells. Each cell comprises a cell frame. An air cathode is attached to each face of the frame. An anode blank is inserted through an access opening in the frame into the space between the cathodes. The anode blank comprises an elastomeric rubber labyrinth seal molded to the blank and sealing the access opening. Means may be provided for circulating electrolyte into an out of the spaces between the anode and air cathodes. A preferred electrolyte is an aqueous solution of an alkali hydroxide.

Abstract: A solid state laminar electrochemical cell comprising: an alkali metal anode layer; a solid ionically conductive electrolyte layer; a cathode composition layer; and a current collector; wherein said electrolyte layer is interposed between said alkali metal anode layer and said cathode layer and said cathode layer is interposed between said electrolyte layer and said current collector, the surface of said current collector which contacts said electrolyte layer being microroughened to enable the cathode layer to tightly adhere to said current collector is disclosed.

Abstract: A battery assembly and method for making the same comprising: a laminar battery, said laminar battery including: an anode layer; an ionically conductive electrolyte layer; a cathode layer; said electrolyte layer being interposed between said anode layer and said cathode layer, and said layers being assembled to form an electrical cell; a pair of electrically conductive terminals in electrical contact with said anode layer and said cathode layer; and a protective sheet material enveloping said laminar battery; said sheet material being heat sealed at the periphery of said laminar battery and about said terminals to exclude air and moisture and said terminals extending from or being accessible through said protective sheet material for connection to a device which is powered by said laminar battery is disclosed. The battery assembly is formed, and the method includes that the sealing occur under a vacuum.

Abstract: A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery is disclosed, which comprises an anode having a carbonaceous material as the anode active material which permits lithium to be doped and undoped and a current collector, a cathode having a lithium compound as the cathode active material which permits lithium to be doped and undoped, and a nonaqueous electrolyte. The cathode active material contains the primary active material of a first lithium compound having the potential which is more "noble" than the potential of the current collector and the auxiliary active material of a second lithium compound having the potential which is more "base" than the potential of the current collector. The auxiliary active material works to avoid the dissolution of the anode current collector at the final stage of discharge.

Abstract: A process for electrolytically producing an aqueous solution of chlorine dioxide in an electrolytic cell having an anode compartment, a cathode compartment, and at least one ion exchange compartment between the anode compartment and the cathode compartment, the process comprising feeding an aqueous solution of an alkali metal chlorite to the ion exchange compartment, electrolyzing an anolyte in the anode compartment to generate hydrogen ions, passing the hydrogen ions from the anode compartment through a cation exchange membrane into the ion exchange compartment to displace alkali metal ions and produce an aqueous solution of chlorine dioxide, and passing alkali metal ions from the ion exchange compartment into the cathode compartment

Abstract: An X-ray tube anode (32) has a thin metal film first layer (31a), e.g. W, for producing hard X-rays. A diamond (31b) second layer supports the first layer, conducts heat away from it, and transmits X-rays (34a, 34b). The layers usually have a maximum thickness of about the stopping distance of incident electrons. An X-ray tube has such an anode and a heat sink (38) in contact with the layers. The sink can have a beam dump (42) and a transmission mode X-ray window (36b). A normal mode X-ray window (36a) is in the tube envelope near the anode.

Abstract: Composite anodes are disclosed which consist of composites comprising lithium or lithium anode substrate in combination with one or more lithium insertion compounds consisting of transition metal chalcogenides or oxides as a coating or dispersion. Both primary and secondary cells utilizing these anodes are described.

Abstract: We present a planar cell design for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) which combines the ceramic materials of a solid electrolyte (Y-stabilized ZrO2), cathode (LaSrMeO3 with Me : Mn, Co and Cr), and anode (Ni-Cermet) with a metallic interconnection material, the so-called metallic bipolar plate. This metallic component—which functions as a mechanically stabilizing frame, as well as gas distributor and electrical connector—possesses the advantages of much higher electrical and thermal conductivity when compared with the common ceramic interconnection material (LaCrO3). This allows the construction of cell stacks with increased power density (> 100 kW m3).

Abstract: This invention relates to a plasma process for improved corrosion protection of steel. The process involves pretreating a steel surface cathode (12) in a vacuum chamber (11) containing magnetron anodes (13). Plasma gas is fed through a line (15), both for pretreatment of the steel surface cathode (12) and for deposition of a thin film of organosilane, over which is applied a primer coating reactive with organosilane.

Abstract: A battery and a method for its operation are described. The battery comprises a metal-air battery with an air cathode having opposed surfaces supported for simultaneous exposure of a first surface to air and a second surface to liquid electrolyte and a metal anode positioned in spaced juxtaposed relation to the second cathode surface to define therewith an anode-cathode gap for receiving electrolyte to form an anode-cathode pair electrically coupled by electrolyte. The battery contains an alkaline electrolyte and seed particles adapted to decrease passivation of the anode during discharge of the battery.

Abstract: Laboratory experiments on important plasma physics issues of electrodynamic tethers were performed. These included current propagation, formation of wave wings, limits of current collection, nonlinear effects and instabilities, charging phenomena, and characteristics of transmission lines in plasmas. The experiments were conducted in a large afterglow plasma. The current system was established with a small electron-emitting hot cathode tethered to an electron-collecting anode, both movable across the magnetic field and energized by potential difference up to V approx.=100 T(sub e). The total current density in space and time was obtained from complete measurements of the perturbed magnetic field. The fast spacecraft motion was reproduced in the laboratory by moving the tethered electrodes in small increments, applying delayed current pulses, and reconstructing the net field by a linear superposition of locally emitted wavelets. With this technique, the small-amplitude dc current pattern is shown to form whistler wings at each electrode instead of the generally accepted Alfven wings. For the beam electrode, the whistler wing separates from the field-aligned beam which carries no net current. Large amplitude return currents to a stationary anode generate current-driven microinstabilities, parallel electric fields, ion depletions, current disruptions and time-varying electrode charging. At appropriately high potentials and neutral densities, excess neutrals are ionized near the anode. The anode sheath emits high-frequency electron transit-time oscillations at the sheath-plasma resonance. The beam generates Langmuir turbulence, ion sound turbulence, electron heating, space charge fields, and Hall currents. An insulated, perfectly conducting transmission line embedded in the plasma becomes lossy due to excitation of whistler waves and magnetic field diffusion effects. The implications of the laboratory observations on electrodynamic tethers in space are discussed.

Abstract: An electrophoretic display (10) includes a plurality of intersecting grid (23) and cathode (25) lines which are spaced one from the other by means of an insulating material (22). The grid and cathode lines are associated with an anode electrode (26) which constitutes a planar glass plate (27) having deposited thereon a thin layer of ITO or a similar metal. Interposed between the cathode and grid structure (22-25) and the anode plate (26) is a mesh electrode (30) which is relatively of the same size as the anode plate. Control voltages are applied to the mesh structure (30) and the anode electrode (26) to further control particle propagation. The conventional anode structure may be entirely replaced with the mesh-like structure to provide an electrophoretic display which can be optimumly illuminated by back lighting (40).

Abstract: Manifolds of a solid oxide fuel cell are integrally formed with the fuel cell's core. The fuel cell includes repetitively stacked anode, electrolyte, cathode interconnect gasket elements. The gasket elements space apart the interconnect and electrolyte elements and bound the anode and cathode elements. The interconnect, electrolyte, and gasket elements are provided with cutouts that define manifold passageways for the fuel and oxidant. The gasket elements further prevent the fuel from contacting the cathode elements and the oxidant from contacting the anode elements.

Abstract: A power generation system uses fuel cells (C, S) stacked via separators (31). Cooling plates (33) are provided in the fuel cell stack (S). Passages (34) are formed in each cooling plate (33) for allowing raw-­material-gas-for-reformation (which also serves as stack-cooling-gas) to flow therethrough and the passages (34) are filled with reforming catalyst (61). An external reformer (37) which includes a combustion section (39) and a reforming section (38) is provided outside of the fuel cell stack (5). A stack-cooling-­gas-line (45) is connected to the passages (34) of the cooling plates (33) for introducing the raw-material­gas-for-the-reformation (the stack-cooling-gas) into the passages (33). A line (50) for gas-for-processing is connected to the reforming section (38) of the external reformer (37) for feeding raw-material -gas-for-­processing to the reforming section (38). An anode gas feed line (52) is provided for feeding to the anode (3) the reformed gas which has been reformed through the passages (34) of the cooling plates (33) and the reformed gas which has been reformed by the reforming section (38) of the external reformer (37). An anode exit gas line (53) is provided for feeding the anode exit gas to the combustion section (39) of the external reformer (37). A cathode gas feed line (55) is provided for feeding the combustion exhaust gas discharged from the combustion section (39) to the cathode (2) with air (A). A cathode exit gas line (56) is provided for discharging the cathode exit gas.