Abstract: A disposable, inexpensive electrode for an electrochemical sensor includes a laminated anode and a laminated cathode. The anode is a film substrate with anodic material such as platinum deposited on the substrate. The cathode is also a film substrate with cathodic material such as silver deposited on the substrate. The anode and cathode can be laminated with an intermediate layer of dielectric material. A working surface is provided on the electrode and defined, in part, by the anode and cathode. One procedure for defining the working surface is to fabricate spaced openings in the cathode film and the layer of dielectric material. The openings in the cathode film and dielectrical layer are aligned and the exposed surfaces of the anode and cathode define the working area. An enzyme, such as glucose oxidase, is bonded to the exposed anode and a membrane is applied over the working area and enzyme. The membrane is preferably a silicone water-based elastomer. The laminated anode, cathode and dielectric layer are then severed to form individual electrodes each including a working area.

Abstract: Avalanche and Fowler–Nordheim tunneling electron injections have been performed at constant current on a broad variety of differently processed Al‐gate metal‐oxide‐semiconductor capacitors. It is found that the same type of positive charge (the ‘‘slow states’’) is generated during low‐field and high‐field electron injection. The maximum amount of positive charge which can be generated at a given electric field depends on processing and increases linearly with the average field in the oxide. However, the rate at which the positive charge is generated is controlled uniquely by the anode field, for a given polarity of the gate voltage. It follows that the role of the electron traps in the bulk SiO2—independent of their nature—is that of increasing both the rate and the total number of created defects by enhancing, respectively, the anode field, as a result of the distortion of the potential in SiO2, and the average field which must be increased to maintain a constant injected current. Processes described ear...

Abstract: This paper discusses arc modes at the anode, anode temperature measurments, anode ions, transitions of the arc into various modes (principally the anode-spot mode), and theoretical explanations of anode phenomena. A vacuum arc can exhibit five anode discharge modes: 1) a low-current mode in which the anode is basically passive, acting only as a collector of particles emitted from the cathode; 2) a second low-current mode that can occur if the electrode material is readily sputtered (a flux of sputtered atoms will be emitted by the anode); 3) a footpoint mode, characterized by the appearance of one or more luminous spots on the anode (footpoints are much cooler than the true anode spots present in the last two modes); 4) an anode-spot mode in which one large or several small anode spots are present (such spots are very luminous, have a temperature near the atmospheric boiling point of the anode material, and are a copious source of vapor and ions); and 5) an intense-arc mode where an anode spot is present, but accompanied by severe cathode erosion. The arc voltage is relatively low and quiet in the two low-current modes and the intense-arc mode. It is usually high and noisy in the footpoint mode, and it can be either in the anode-spot mode. Anode erosion is low, indeed negative, in the two low-current modes, and it is low to moderate in the footpoint mode. Severe anode erosion occurs in both the anode-spot and intense-arc modes.

Abstract: Two experimental observations are reported concerning the degradation of the Si–SiO2 interface during electron injection in metal‐oxide‐semiconductor structures. First, the generation of the interfacial positive charge during avalanche injection can be strongly inhibited by employing magnesium, instead of aluminum, as gate metal, or enhanced by employing gold. This correlates with the different work functions of the metals. Second, during negative bias high‐field injection in Al‐gate capacitors with thin oxides (≲100 A), a threshold in gate voltage, of 7–8 V, is found for the generation of the positive charge. Both observations are consistent with a model which assumes that holes generated in the anode by hot electrons, via emission of surface plasmons, are injected into the SiO2 and are subsequently trapped at the Si–SiO2 interface. Other possible mechanisms are also discussed.

Abstract: This invention relates to a fuel cell power plant. The power plant comprises a fuel cell (10) employing a molten carbonate as an electrolyte, a reformer (24) for reforming fuel into a reactive gas to be.supplied into the anode (14) of the cell (10), an expansion turbine (84) connected to a compressor (36), a combustor (62) for burning a gas exhausted from the anode (14) and introducing the combustion gas into the cathode (16) of the fuel cell (10) along with a gas compressed by the compressor (36), and a waste heat recovery system (92). The power plant is characterized by the provision of another combustor (110) on the passage through which cathode exhaust gas (76) is sent from the cathode to the turbine and a passage for leading a part (112) of the anode exhaust gas to the another combustor, whereby unburnt gas included in the anode exhaust gas is burnt with the cathode exhaust gas supplied as oxygen source so that the temperature of the turbine driving gas is raised, as a result, the overall thermal efficiency of the power plant increases (Fig. 1).

Abstract: This invention uses as the anode active material a zinc alloy containing Ni, at least one element selected from In, Pb, Ga and Cd and, optionally further, one element selected from Al, Mg, Ca, Ba and Sr for the anode of a conventional zinc-alkaline battery which employs zinc as the anode active material, aqueous alkaline solution as the electrolyte, and manganese dioxide, silver oxide, oxygen and so forth as the cathode active material. The use of such zinc alloy permits the reduction of the amount of mercury to be used for amalgamation of the anode zinc surface which is made for the purpose of corrosion inhibition, thereby enabling the provision of a low-pollution zinc-alkaline battery.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for vacuum arc deposition of material on a surface of an object (32), uses a vacuum chamber (12) accomodating the active surface of the cathode (24) and an anode (34). A power supply connected to the anode (34) and cathode (24) establishes an electric arc. The track of the arc is controlled with a magnetic field established with a permanent magnet (56) that is moved in a closed path relative to the cathode. A solenoid (68) modifies the main magnetic field produced on the active surface of the cathode (24).

Abstract: The electrochemical oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid and reduction of glucose to sorbitol hav been paired in an undivided packed-bed electrode flow reactor. A Raney Ni powder electrocatalyst significantly improved the current efficiency for sorbitol production, as compared to a high hydrogen overpotential Zn(Hg) cathode. The optimum operating conditions for the paired syntheses are activity W-2 Raney Ni powder cathode, graphite chip anode, a 1.6M glucose and 0.4M CaBr/sub 2/ initial solution composition, pH 5-7, 60/sup 0/C solution temperature, an applied current of 250-500 mA per 10g of nickel powder cathode and a solution volumetric flow rate of 100 ml-min/sup -1/. Under these conditions, the sorbitol current efficiencies are 80-100%, the gluconic acid efficiencies are 100%, and the product yields are very high.

Abstract: An improved battery utilizing a hydrogen rechargeable anode of a disordered non-equilibrium multicomponent material including one or more elements forming a host matrix and at least one modifier element incorporated therein. The anode is capable of electrochemically absorbing hydrogen from an electrolyte during application of a charging current thereto. The hydrogen is stored in the anode bulk until discharge is initiated, whereupon an electrical current is produced when the hydrogen is released. The superior battery of the invention has attained high density energy storage, efficient reversibility, high electrical efficiency, bulk hydrogen storage without structural change or poisoning and hence long cycle life and deep discharge capability.

Abstract: Apparatus for reducing carbon dioxide to the product includes a reduction cell which has a dual porosity cathode, a catholyte chamber having an inlet, a passageway through which passes an electrolyte, a dual porosity cathode separating the passageway from the catholyte chamber, an anolyte chamber has an inlet and an outlet. A porous anode with a hydrophobic barrier separates the passageway from the anolyte chamber. A source provides a d.c. voltage across the cathode and the anode. Water is provided to the inlet of the anolyte chamber, while an electrolyte is provided to the passageway. Carbon dioxide is provided to the inlet of the catholyte chamber so that the carbon dioxide is electrochemically reduced within the dual porosity cathode with the electrolyte and hydrogen ions so as to cause the reduction of the carbon dioxide to a product and to cause oxygen to be emitted from the outlet of the anode chamber. The product is removed from the electrolyte after leaving the electrolytic cell.

Abstract: Glow and arc discharges have been used to study the spark-ignition of lean quiescent methane-air mixtures at room temperature and a pressure of p =2 bar. The regions of stable long-duration sparks with aluminum, cadmium, copper, platinum and tungsten electrodes as well as the fall voltages and voltage gradients of the positive column have been determined. For both discharge modes the minimum ignition energies and the corresponding quenching distance have been obtained for Cu electrodes at equivalence ratios of 0.59, 0.67 and 0.77. Minimum ignition energies for various electrode materials have been measured at the quenching distance and an equivalence ratio of =0.67. The experimental results indicate that the energy dissipated in the anode and cathode fall is completely lost to the electrodes, whereas the energy of the positive column determines the flame initiation process. These findings are substantiated by spark-flashlight schlieren photographs of the incipient spark and flame kernel.

Abstract: PURPOSE:To enable easy manufacture of a semiconductor device of high reliability with a high yield, by providing a process in which an emitter region is formed on the whole surface on the main side of a semiconductor substrate and surface treatment of the emitter region is performed by using as a mask an emitter electrode formed on the emitter region. CONSTITUTION:An oxide film 21 is formed on the whole surface of a semicondutor substrate 20, and the part of the film corresponding to the backside of the substrate 20 is removed. Thereafter boron, for instance, is injected from the back side to form an anode layer 22 having a prescribed diffusion depth. Next, after an oxide film 21 is formed afresh on the surface of the anode layer 22, the oxide film 21 on the main side is removed entirely therefrom. Then, phosphorus, for instance, is injected in the whole main surface of the exposed substrate 20 to form an emitter region 23. After the oxide film 21 is removed completely, a reinforcement plate 25 is bonded on the surface of the anode layer 22 wiht an aluminum layer 24 intreposed between them under the temperature of about 700 deg.C. Next, an emitter electrode 26 of a prescribed pattern is formed on the emitter region 23. Then, surface treatment is applied thereto by sand blast or the like, and thereby a bevel having a slanting peripheral suface is formed.

Abstract: Two magnetically insulated ion diodes that utilize a radial applied‐B field are described Both diodes generate an annular beam that is extracted along the diode axis The first diode operated at 12 MV and 600 kA for 25 ns and generated a 300‐kA ion beam The second operated at 300 kV, 100 kA and generated 15 kA of ion current The first diode was used to study diode performance as a function of inner and outer anode‐cathode gaps, the applied‐B field, and transmission line current ratios The second diode was used to study anode plasma formation The diodes were operated below Bcrit, resulting in electron leakage to the anode, especially near the outer cathode A definition of Bcrit applicable to extraction diodes is given and methods of improving ion production efficiency in these diodes are suggested The strong correlation of ion production with visible light emission suggests, however, that the electron loss played an important role in anode turn‐on The breakdown of neutral gas desorbed by electron

Abstract: An improved understanding of the factors that control the axial focus of applied‐B ion diodes was obtained from time‐resolved diagnostics of ion‐beam trajectories. This resulted in a new selection of anode shape that produced a proton focus of 1.3‐mm diameter from a 4.5‐cm‐radius diode, which is a factor of 2 improvement over previous results. We have achieved a peak proton power density of 1.5±0.2 TW/cm2 on the 1‐TW Proto I accelerator. The radial convergence of this proton beam, defined as the ratio of the anode diameter to focused beam FWHM, is 70. Time‐resolved information about virtual cathode evolution, the self‐ and applied‐magnetic‐field bending, and the horizontal focus of the beam was also obtained. In addition, the diffusion of the magnetic field into the anode plasma is estimated by measuring the horizontal focal position as a function of time. Finally, we discuss the effects of gas cell scattering on the beam focus.

Abstract: A broad-beam electron source has a chamber into which is introduced an ionizing gas. Electrons are emitted between a cathode and an anode assembly to ionize that gas. The electrons within the plasma are drawn outwardly from the chamber through an apertured wall, which constitutes a screen, and thereafter are accelerated toward a target in a well-directed beam. A comparatively copious supply of electrons is developed, while yet requiring only low voltages in connection with its generation and resulting in correspondingly low electron energies. Ions produced external to the electron source itself are utilized to assist in neutralizing the charge density of the electron beam in order to help maintain its definition. For insulative targets, secondarily emitted electrons permit conservation of surface charge.

Abstract: In this paper, post arc current phenomena in vacuum interrupters are experimentally investigated. This investigation is focused on the relation between post arc current and many factors such as contact materials, electrode structures, and gap length between electrodes. It has been previously investigated that an increasing arc current causes post arc current to increase rapidly at a certain arc current value. It was proved that this phenomenon was caused by melting of the anode, and that the axial magnetic field electrode allowed current density on the anode to decrease, consequently restraining anode melting.

Abstract: A secondary battery or cell with improved rechargeability is obtained by combination of (A) a cathode active material comprising a chalcogen compound of a transition metal, (B) an electrolyte comprising an organic solvent having dissolved therein a lithium salt and (C) an anode active material comprising lithium metal in electrical contact with an electrically conductive carbonaceous material which is a pyrolysis residue of an organic material such as synthetic high polymers. The anode active material can be formed in situ within the battery, by self discharge of lithium metal into the carbonaceous material. The battery or cell is of excellent properties, such as stability or flatness of discharge voltage and electric capacity.

Abstract: The method for producing a dilute solution of hydrogen peroxide by reduction of oxygen was examined. In preliminary experiments with an H-type dual-compartment reactor, the most suitable conditions were determined to be as follows. The reaction temperature was 288 K, the cathode graphite, the anode nickel, the catholyte 1 mol•dm-3 KCl plus 0.01 mol•dm-3 NaOH solution and the anolyte 1 mol•dm-3 NaOH solution. In the packedbed electrode reactor with graphite particles, the rate and the current efficiency of producing hydrogen peroxide were dependent on the initial bed overpotential, the liquid velocity in the reactor and the oxygen flow rate in the catholyte tank. The production rate of hydrogen peroxide at an initial bed overpotential of - 0.4 V was clarified by the model analysis under the limiting current condition.

Abstract: A compact, light-weight all solid state lithium battery is disclosed. The battery provides a good contact between a solid electrolyte and a Li anode by forming a Li alloy layer therebetween, even at the time of discharge at a large current density.

Abstract: System for softening and dealkalizing water by feeding said water to both chambers of an electrolytic cell which chambers are separated by a cation exchange membrane, applying DC voltage to the electrodes of the cell, at intervals, reversing the applied polarities, and drawing soft dealkalized water from the anodic compartments.

Abstract: Amorphous metal alloys have the formula M1 a M2 b M3 c where M1 is Fe, Co, Ni, Pd and combination thereof; M2 is Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta and combination thereof; M3 is Rh, Os, Ir, Pt and combinations thereof; a ranges from about 0 to 60; b ranges from about 10 to 70; and c ranges from about 5 to 70, with the proviso that a+b+c=100. These alloys have utility as anodes in electrolytic processes and a process for the generation of halogens from halide-containing solutions includes a step of conducting electrolysis of the solutions in an electrolytic cell having an amorphous metal alloy anode of the formula M1 a M2 b M3 c.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell (10) has a cathode current collector (20), an anode electrode (21) and a porous insulating material (22) wound in a coil (17) and inserted in a sealed can (11). Cathode current collector (20) has a metal substrate (23) carrying a plurality of holes (24). The metal substrate (23) supports layer (25) of an electrode material such as porous carbon. Both edges (26A, 26B) and one end (28) of the substrate (23) is kept free of material. The bare end (28) of the substrate (23) is on the outside of the coil (17). The substrate (23) is wider than the anode electrode (21) and the cathode current collector (20) of the coil (17), so that when the coil (17) is inserted in the can (11), the substrate (23) makes contact with all the internal surfaces of the can (11).

Abstract: A cold-cathode, plasma discharge modulator switch (Fig. 2). A corssed-field discharge plasma (30) supplies charge carriers for the switch. A dc magnetic field (25) is employed to provide a highly localized cusp magnetic field near the cathode (7), so that plasma ionization occurs primarily in the cathode-source grid gap. The region between the cathode (7) and anode (1) is filled with a relatively low pressure gas. A highly transparent control grid (8) with small apertures is closely spaced from the anode (1). The switch is closed through application of positive potential (relative to the plasma) to the control grid (8), and opened through application of negative potential relative to the plasma to the control grid (8). The application of negative potential to the control grid (8) creates an ion sheath around the control grid (8) which permits plasma cut-off to the anode region provided the sheath size is larger than the control grid aperture radius. Upon plasma cut-off, the switch current is interrupted as the remaining plasma in the control grid-anode gap decays. Low pressure operation insures that ionization cannot sustain the plasma in the narrow, isolated control grid-anode gap.

Abstract: A method for the diffusion bonding of a graphite member to a metallic surface as part of a composite rotary anode for an X-ray tube is set forth. In the completed structure a compound laminate separating and metallurgically bonded to the graphite member and to the metallic surface consists of, in sequence, a layer comprising carbide of vanadium and of a metal selected from the group consisting of molybdenum and tungsten, a layer of metal selected from the group consisting of vanadium and vanadium alloys, a zone of interdiffused metals comprising platinum and vanadium and then a continuous layer comprising platinum or platinum alloy.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to a product includes a housing divided into two sections by a membrane. An electrolyte solution including a non-aqueous electrolyte and a supporting electrolyte is provided to the two sections of the housing. A cathode is located in one section of the housing while an anode is located in the other section. Carbon dioxide is provided to the section having the cathode. A direct current voltage is provided to the cathode and to the anode to cooperate in a reaction between the carbon dioxide and the electrolyte solution to provide a product.

Abstract: A soli electrolyte fuel cell which comprises many unit cells (1) each having a structure in which there are laminated a gas-permeable oxygen electrode made from an electron-conducting material, a solid electrolyte (14) consisting of a (CeO2)1-x(Ca0)x (x = 0.05 to 0.8) binary system or a third component-containing (CeOz)1-x(Ca0)x (x = 0.05 to 0.8) system and a gas-permeable fuel electrode made from an electron-conducting material on a gas-permeable support (3), many unit cells being connected to each other in series with interconnectors by subjecting end portions of the electrolytes to a masking treatment or the like. A solid electrolyte fuel cell further provided with a combustion opening for preheating oxygen or air, possibly covered with a filler. A solid electrolyte fuel cell which comprises many unit cells each in which a solid electrolyte consisting of cerium oxide or zirconium oxide dissolvingly containing a divalent oxide or a trivalent oxide of an alkaline earth metal other than calcium or a rare earth element is laminated on opposite sides or an anode side of a solid electrolyte consisting of cerium oxide or zirconium oxide dissolvingly containing calcium oxide. A solid electrolyte fuel cell in which a composition of the electrolyte is varied in the direction of its membrane thickness to heighten hydration resistance. A method for preparing a solid electrolyte for a fuel cell by means of flame spraying or plasma flame spraying. And a solid electrolyte fuel cell which comprises many unit cells each in which a stabilized zirconia system solid electrolyte or a ceria system solid electrolyte containing an additive in such an amount or more as to exhibit a maximum value of conductivity is laminated on an anode side of a fundamental electrolyte, and a ceria system solid electrolyte is laminated on a cathode side thereof to form the solid electrolyte having two or more layers.