TL;DR: The pineapple lineage has transitioned from C3 photosynthesis to CAM, with CAM-related genes exhibiting a diel expression pattern in photosynthetic tissues, providing the first cis-regulatory link between CAM and circadian clock regulation.
Abstract: Pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) is the most economically valuable crop possessing crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), a photosynthetic carbon assimilation pathway with high water-use efficiency, and the second most important tropical fruit. We sequenced the genomes of pineapple varieties F153 and MD2 and a wild pineapple relative, Ananas bracteatus accession CB5. The pineapple genome has one fewer ancient whole-genome duplication event than sequenced grass genomes and a conserved karyotype with seven chromosomes from before the ρ duplication event. The pineapple lineage has transitioned from C3 photosynthesis to CAM, with CAM-related genes exhibiting a diel expression pattern in photosynthetic tissues. CAM pathway genes were enriched with cis-regulatory elements associated with the regulation of circadian clock genes, providing the first cis-regulatory link between CAM and circadian clock regulation. Pineapple CAM photosynthesis evolved by the reconfiguration of pathways in C3 plants, through the regulatory neofunctionalization of preexisting genes and not through the acquisition of neofunctionalized genes via whole-genome or tandem gene duplication.
TL;DR: The highest number of competent and uniform plants was achieved when shoots were cultured for 4 weeks in shooting medium supplemented with PB, and paclobutrazol promoted the formation of compact bud clusters with limited leaf development.
Abstract: A procedure for the mass propagation of pineapple plants (Ananas comosus L. Merr) using a temporary immersion technique is described. This procedure involved three distinct phases in the automated temporary immersion system: shooting, bud differentiation and elongation. To establish this protocol, we used in vitro shoots obtained from established liquid culture as starting materials. Three culture methods (solid, liquid and temporary immersion) were compared. Temporary immersion increased the multiplication rate and fresh and dry weight after 42 days. Conventional micropropagation (liquid medium) and temporary immersion were compared in combination with paclobutrazol. Paclobutrazol promoted the formation of compact bud clusters with limited leaf development. The highest multiplication rate (106) was found when ex-plants were cultured in shooting medium (MS+2.1 mg/l BA+0.3 mg/l NAA) supplemented with 1 mg/l PB for 7 weeks. A 10-l temporary immersion bioreactor was used to test two approaches during elongation stage: reduction of the shoot-formation period or decrease of the initial number of explants. The highest number of competent and uniform plants (191.8 plant/l) was achieved when shoots were cultured for 4 weeks in shooting medium supplemented with PB.
TL;DR: The biological functions of bromelain, a non-toxic compound, have therapeutic values in modulating tumor growth, blood coagulation, inflammatory changes, and debridement of third degree burns.
TL;DR: Provements in the determination of iron by the Nitroso-R Salt Method and further evidence on the relationship of the citric acid cycle and porphyrin formation are presented.
Abstract: provements in the determination of iron by the Nitroso-R Salt Method. Ind. Eng. Chem., Anal. Ed. 16: 272. 1944. 25. SIDERIS, C. P. and YOUNG, H. Y. Effects of iron on chlorophyllous pigments, ascorbic acid, acidity and carbohydrates of Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. supplied with nitrate or ammonium salts. Plant Physiol. 19: 52-75. 1944. 26. SIDERIS, C. P. and YOUNG, H. Y. Effects of potassium on chlorophyll, acidity, ascorbic acid and carbohydrates of Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. Plant Physiol. 20: 649-670. 1945. 27. SIDERIS, C. P. and YOUNG, H. Y. Effects of nitrogen on chlorophyll, acidity, ascorbic acid, and carbohydrate fractions of Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. Plant Physiol. 22: 97-116. 1947. 28. SIDERIS, C. P. and YOUNG, H. Y. Growth of Ananas comosus (L.) Merr., at different levels of mineral nutrition under greenhouse and field conditions. I. Plant and fruit weights and absorption of nitrate and potassium at different growth intervals. Plant Physiol. 25: 594-616. 1950. 29. SIDERIS, C. P. and YOUNG, H. Y. Growth of Ananas comosus (L.) Merr., at different levels of mineral nutrition under greenhouse and field conditions. II. Chemical composition of the tissues at different growth intervals. Plant Physiol. 26: 456-474. 1951. 30. SIDERIS, C. P. Iron in pineapple growth and nitrogen utilization. Research Report 34: 1-27. 1955. (Private). 31. SMITH, E. L. Solutions of chlorophyll-protein compounds (phyllochlorins) extracted from spinach. Science 88: 170-171. 1938. 32. SMITH, E. L. Chlorophyll as the prosthetic group of a protein in the green leaf. Science 91: 199200. 1940. 33. SMITH, E. L. The chlorophyll-protein compound of the green leaf. Jour. Gen. Physiol. 24: 565-582. 1941. 34. WXILLSTATTER, R. and STOLL, A. Untersuchungen uiber die Assimilation die Kohlensaiure. Pp. 1424. Springer, Berlin, 1918. 35. WRISTON, J. C., JR., LACK, L. and SHEMIN, D. The mechanism of porphyrin formation. Further evidence on the relationship of the citric acid cycle and porphyrin formation. Jour. Biol. Chem. 215: 603-611. 1955.
TL;DR: In this paper, a response surface methodology was used to evaluate the properties of pineapple juice with added malt dextrin and showed that the linear model used describing the relation of the independent variables was significant for the true density.