TL;DR: Phylogenetic relationships of mushrooms and their relatives within the order Agaricales were addressed by using nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences to provide a framework for future systematics studies in the Agaricalses and suggestions for analyzing large molecular data sets.
Abstract: Phylogenetic relationships of mushrooms and their relatives within the order Agaricales were addressed by using nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences. Approximately 900 bases of the 5' end of the nucleus-encoded large subunit RNA gene were sequenced for 154 selected taxa representing most families within the Agaricales. Several phylogenetic methods were used, in- cluding weighted and equally weighted parsimony (MP), maximum likelihood (ML), and distance methods (NJ). The starting tree for branch swapping in the ML analyses was the tree with the high- est ML score among previously produced MP and NJ trees. A high degree of consensus was ob- served between phylogenetic estimates obtained through MP and ML. NJ trees differed according to the distance model that was used; however, all NJ trees still supported most of the same terminal groupings as the MP and ML trees did. NJ trees were always significantly suboptimal when evalu- ated against the best MP and ML trees, by both parsimony and likelihood tests. Our analyses sug- gest that weighted MP and ML provide the best estimates of Agaricales phylogeny. Similar support was observed between bootstrapping and jackknifing methods for evaluation of tree robustness. Phylogenetic analyses revealed many groups of agaricoid fungi that are supported by moderate to high bootstrap or jackknife values or are consistent with morphology-based classification schemes. Analyses also support separate placement of the boletes and russules, which are basal to the main core group of gilled mushrooms (the Agaricineae of Singer). Examples of monophyletic groups in- clude the families Amanitaceae, Coprinaceae (excluding Coprinus comatus and subfamily Panae- olideae), Agaricaceae (excluding the Cystodermateae), and Strophariaceae pro parte (Stropharia, Pholiota, and Hypholoma); the mycorrhizal species of Tricholoma (including Leucopaxillus, also mycor- rhizal); Mycena and Resinomycena; Termitomyces, Podabrella, and Lyophyllum; and Pleurotus with Ho- henbuehelia. Several groups revealed by these data to be nonmonophyletic include the families Tri- cholomataceae, Cortinariaceae, and Hygrophoraceae and the genera Clitocybe, Omphalina, and Marasmius. This study provides a framework for future systematics studies in the Agaricales and suggestions for analyzing large molecular data sets. (Fungal evolution; higher phylogeny; homoba- sidiomycete; large-scale molecular phylogeny; tree support.)
TL;DR: In the taxonomic part synonymy and descriptions are given of the genus Amanita and its subgenus Lepidella, together with a key to the subgenera and the sections, and the term ’pileipellis’ is proposed to replace Fayod’s term ‘cuticula’.
Abstract: A historical survey of the delineation of the genus Amanita and its infrageneric classification is given. Morphological and other characters of Amanita are discussed, with emphasis on the characters and the behaviour of the volva. The term ‘pileipellis’ is proposed to replace Fayod’s term ‘cuticula’. In the taxonomic part synonymy and descriptions are given of the genus Amanita and its subgenus Lepidella, together with a key to the subgenera and the sections. Section Lepidella is provisionally monographed on the base of exhaustive examinations of type material, as far as available, and a usually limited number of additional collections. Of the 93 species recognized, sixteen are described as new, and seven provisionally as new species; three new names and four new combinations are introduced.
TL;DR: Current knowledge on the chemistry, toxicology, and biology relating to this mushroom is reviewed, together with distinctive features concerning this unique species.
TL;DR: One-hundred and sixty-two species of Amanitaceae known from China are treated in this study, including 50 novel species and 112 known taxa, and it is clear that Catatrama is closely related to Limacella, however, the phylogenetic relationships among these genera remain largely unresolved.
Abstract: Mushrooms in the basidiomycete family Amanitaceae are very important both economically and ecologically. However, the delimitation of the family is still controversial, in part due to limited taxon sampling and in part because of insufficient gene fragment employed for molecular phylogenetic analyses. Furthermore, species diversity in the family is likely to have been largely underestimated, due to morphological similarity between taxa and phenotypic plasticity. In this study, we examined 1190 collections, including 1008 Chinese and 182 external ones, and performed the first comprehensive phylogenetic analyses of Amanitaceae using multi-locus sequence data. To test the monophyly of the Amanitaceae, a concatenated (nrLSU, rpb1, and rpb2) dataset of 200 taxa of the order Agaricales was analyzed. To infer the phylogeny of Amanitaceae, a concatenated nrLSU, tef1-α, rpb2 and β-tubulin dataset (3010 sequences from ca. 890 samples with 2309 newly generated sequences) was used. In this dataset, 252 sequences from the types of 77 species were provided. Our results indicate that Amanitaceae is a monophyletic group, and consists of five genera, namely Amanita, Catatrama, Limacella, Limacellopsis and Myxoderma. It is clear that Catatrama is closely related to Limacella, however, the phylogenetic relationships among these genera remain largely unresolved. Amanita contains 95% of the species in the family, and is here divided into three subgenera and eleven sections (subgen. Amanita, containing: sect. Amanita, sect. Amarrendiae, sect. Caesareae and sect. Vaginatae; subgen. Amanitina, containing: sect. Amidella, sect. Arenariae, sect. Phalloideae, sect. Roanokenses, sect. Strobiliformes and sect. Validae; and subgen. Lepidella, containing sect. Lepidella). Subgen. Lepidella occupies the basal position in the genus. One-hundred and sixty-two species of Amanitaceae known from China are treated in this study, including 50 novel species and 112 known taxa. Amanita gleocystidiosa, A. pyriformis, A. atrofusca, A. subjunquillea var. alba and A. areolata are treated as synonyms of A. sychnopyramis f. subannulata, A. orientigemmata, A. umbrinolutea, A. subjunquillea and A. zangii, respectively. 26 extralimital taxa including a novel species, namely Catatrama indica, were included in our study to allow us to make comparisons between these and the Chinese taxa. DNA sequence data for all the species of Amanitaceae in China and keys for identification of the species are provided.
TL;DR: A group of 49 Amanita species that had been thoroughly examined morphologically and anatomically was analyzed by DNA sequence comparison to estimate natural groups and phylogenetic relationships within the genus.
Abstract: A group of 49 Amanita species that had been thoroughly examined morphologically and anatomically was analyzed by DNA sequence comparison to estimate natural groups and phylogenetic relationships within the genus. Nuclear DNA sequences coding for a part of the ribosomal large subunit were determined and evaluated using neighbor-joining with bootstrap analysis, parsimony analysis, conditional clustering, and maximum likelihood methods. Sections Amanita, Caesarea, Vaginatae, Validae, Phalloideae, and Amidella were substantially confirmed as monophyletic groups, while the monophyly of section Lepidella remained unclear. Branching topologies between and within sections could also partially be derived. Subgenera Amanita and Lepidella were not supported. The Mappae group was included in section Validae. Grouping hypotheses obtained by DNA analyses are discussed in relation to the distribution of morphological and anatomical characters in the studied species.