alt attribute

Abstract: Alt text (short for "alternative text") is descriptive text associated with an image in HTML and other document formats. Screen reader technologies speak the alt text aloud to people who are visually impaired. Introduced with HTML 2.0 in 1995, the alt attribute has not evolved despite significant changes in technology over the past two decades. In light of the expanding volume, purpose, and importance of digital imagery, we reflect on how alt text could be supplemented to offer a richer experience of visual content to screen reader users. Our contributions include articulating the design space of representations of visual content for screen reader users, prototypes illustrating several points within this design space, and evaluations of several of these new image representations with people who are blind. We close by discussing the implications of our taxonomy, prototypes, and user study findings.

Abstract: In the present invention, HTML elements are mapped to objects in an object-oriented environment. Classes of objects are defined for each HTML element as well as the HTML document (or page). By providing a one-to-one mapping between each HTML element and object classes, HTML documents can be manipulated programmatically. The properties of each element are stored in instance variables of the associated object. Each object class can include methods to manipulate the HTML element within an HTML document.

Abstract: Preface 1 HTML, XHTML, and the World Wide Web 11 The Internet, Intranets,and Extranets 12 Talking the Internet Talk 13 HTML: What It Is 14 XHTML: What It Is 15 HTML and XHTML: What They Aren't 16 Nonstandard Extensions 17 Tools for the Web Designer 2 Quick Start 21 Writing Tools 22 A First HTML Document 23 Embedded Tags 24 HTML skeleton 25 The Flesh on an HTML or XHTML Document 26 Text 27 Hyperlinks 28 Images Are Special 29 Lists, Searchable Documents, and Forms 210 Tables 211 Frames 212 Style Sheets and JavaScript 213 Forging Ahead 3 Anatomy of an HTML Document 31 Appearances Can Deceive 32 Structure of an HTML Document 33 Tags and Attributes 34 Well-Formed Documents and XHTML 35 Document Content 36 HTML Document Elements 37 The Document Header 38 The Document Body 39 Editorial Markup 310 The Tag 4 Text Basics 41 Divisions and Paragraphs 42 Headings 43 Changing Text Appearance 44 Content-Based Style Tags 45 Physical Style Tags 46 HTML's Expanded Font Handling 47 Precise Spacing and Layout 48 Block Quotes 49 Addresses 410 Special Character Encoding 5 Rules, Images, and Multimedia 51 Horizontal Rules 52 Inserting Images in Your Documents 53 Document Colors and Background Images 54 Background Audio 55 Animated Text 56 Other Multimedia Content 6 Links and Webs 61 Hypertext Basics 62 Referencing Documents: The URL 63 Creating Hyperlinks 64 Creating Effective Links 65 Mouse-Sensitive Images 66 Creating Searchable Documents 67 Relationships 68 Supporting Document Automation 7 Formatted Lists 71 Unordered Lists 72 Ordered Lists 73 The Tag 74 Nesting Lists 75 Definition Lists 76 Appropriate List Usage 77 Directory Lists 78 Menu Lists 8 Cascading Style Sheets 81 The Elements of Styles 82 Style Syntax 83 Style Classes 84 Style Properties 85 Tag-less Styles: The Tag 86 Applying Styles to Documents 9 Forms 91 Form Fundamentals 92 The Tag 93 A Simple Form Example 94 Using Email to Collect Form Data 95 The Tag 96 The Tag 97 Multiline Text Areas 98 Multiple Choice Elements 99 General Form Control Attributes 910 Labeling and Grouping Form Elements 911 Creating Effective Forms 912 Forms Programming 10 Tables 101 The Standard Table Model 102 Table Tags 103 Newest Table Tags 104 Beyond Ordinary Tables 11 Frames 111 An Overview of Frames 112 Frame Tags 113 Frame Layout 114 Frame Contents 115 The Tag 116 Inline Frames 117 Named Frame or Window Targets 12 Executable Content 121 Applets and Objects 122 Embedded Content 123 JavaScript 124 JavaScript Style Sheets 13 Dynamic Documents 131 An Overview of Dynamiic Documents 132 Client-Pull Documents 133 Server -Push Documents 14 Netscape Layout Extensions 141 Creating Whitespace 142 Multicolumn Layout 143 Layers 15 XML 151 Languages and Metalanguages 152 Documents and DTDs 153 Understanding XML DTDs 154 Element Grammar 155 Element Attributes 156 Conditional Sections 157 Building an XML DTD 158 Using XML 16 XHTML 161 Why XHTML? 162 Creating XHTML Documents 163 HTML Versus XHTML 164 Should You Use XHTML? 17 Tips, Tricks, and Hacks 171 Top of the Tips 172 Trivial or Abusive? 173 Custom Bullets 174 Tricks with Tables 175 Transparent Images 176 Tricks with Windows and Frames A HTML Grammar B HTML/XHTML Tag Quick Reference Core Attributes C Cascading Style Sheet Properties Quick Reference D The HTML 401 DTD E The XHTML 10 DTD F Character Entities G Color Names and Values Index

Abstract: Graphs are considered as one of the most important tools to represent information, and as such, they are widely used across the Internet in various formats to visualize statistics and data. However, for the visually impaired individuals, who can presently rely only on the ALT attribute of images, receiving and interpreting information displayed in graphs is a highly challenging task. This paper presents a novel solution to this problem, called evoGraphs, which is a jQuery plugin that allows users to create fully dynamic, customizable graphs that are easily read by screen readers. In contrast to traditional images, the proposed approach relies on HTML, CSS and jQuery components in order to create graphs while reducing page load time and making the graphs readable by voiceover software applications and screen readers. This paper presents the design and customization of evo-Graphs. Examples are provided to highlight the advantages of the proposed methodology by comparing page load times of traditional image-based graphs with those produced by evoGraphs.