Abstract: The analysis results of machining accuracy after the free form surface milling simulations (based on machining EN AW- 7075 alloys) for different machining strategies (Level Z, Radial, Square, Circular) are presented in the work. Particular milling simulations were performed using CAD/CAM Esprit software. The accuracy of obtained allowance is defined as a difference between the theoretical surface of work piece element (the surface designed in CAD software) and the machined surface after a milling simulation. The difference between two surfaces describes a value of roughness, which is as the result of tool shape mapping on the machined surface. Accuracy of the left allowance notifies in direct way a surface quality after the finish machining. Described methodology of usage CAD/CAM software can to let improve a time design of machining process for a free form surface milling by a 5-axis CNC milling machine with omitting to perform the item on a milling machine in order to measure the machining accuracy for the selected strategies and cutting data.

Abstract: The invention provides a fine adjustment control method of an electronic expansion valve. The fine adjustment control method is suitable for the field of intelligent air conditioning equipment and comprises the following steps of opening the electronic expansion valve according to a preset opening; performing real-time adjustment on the opening of the electronic expansion valve according to system running parameters; recording the number of fluctuations if the real-time adjustment fluctuates between opening increase and opening reduction; reducing the adjustment range of the real-time adjustment until the recorded number of the fluctuations is smaller than the preset number if the number of the fluctuations is larger or equal to the preset number; continuing to perform the real-time adjustment on the opening of the electronic expansion valve according to the system running parameters if the number of the fluctuations is smaller than the preset number. According to the fine adjustment control method of the electronic expansion valve, the opening allowance of the electronic expansion valve is reduced through the real-time adjustment on the opening range of the fluctuations between the opening increase and the opening reduction of the electronic expansion valve and accordingly the number of the fluctuations between the opening increase and the opening reduction of the electronic expansion valve can be smaller than the preset number, a system can be run according to the most suitable opening which is suitable for the current working condition parameters, and the stable running of the air conditioning system is achieved.

Abstract: The invention provides a cutting and feeding path planning method applied to mechanical machining of metal components, which aims at planning a machining technique of easily-deformed metal components to be machined. The cutting and feeding path planning method applied to the mechanical machining of the metal components is characterized in that the requirements are as follows: according to the design structure, the precision requirement and the size of blank machining allowance of a component, the machining times of each surface and the machining sequence of all machining surfaces of the component are arranged, and a cutting direction and a feeding direction of a cutter in each cutting process are arranged. According to the cutting and feeding path planning method applied to the mechanical machining of the metal components, which are provided by the invention, the peak value of residual stress of the interior of the machined component is remarkably reduced, the state of the component is improved, the precision retainability is good, a thermal treatment process for removing the internal residual stress is simplified or eliminated, the work efficiency is improved, the cost is reduced, and an expectable larger economical value and an expectable social value are provided.

Abstract: The invention provides a compound electrode machining method for improving the efficiency of electric spark machining of a turbine disc with a blade tip shroud. The method comprises the following steps: (a) rough machining of a blade channel, wherein an inlet area and an outlet area are machined from the left side and the right side of the turbine disc respectively in an electric spark machining mode through a left compound electrode and a right compound electrode till one-third machining allowance of the inlet area and one-third machining allowance of the outlet area are left; (b) semi-finish machining of the blade channel, wherein a channel laryngeal area is machined from the left side and the right side of the turbine disc in an electric spark semi-finish machining mode through a single left semi-finish machining electrode and a single right semi-finish machining electrode and are made in a through state; (c) finish machining of the blade channel, wherein the blade channel is machined in place from the left side and the right side of the turbine disc in an electric spark finish machining mode through a single left finish machining electrode and a single right finish machining electrode. According to the method, the electrodes can be quickly clamped and replaced, the auxiliary time is shortened, the machine tool utilization rate is increased, and secondary alignment is not needed during replacement.

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Little is known about the health care spending distribution across the age and sex gradient in European systems. The aim of the present study is to examine gender and age differences in health care utilization in Lombardy, Italy. METHODS: We analysed administrative data for the year 2010 in Lombardy (the largest Italian region, with about 10 million inhabitant) including spending for inpatient and outpatient services and pharmaceuticals. Data were aggregated across age and sex. RESULTS: Lombardy in 2010 spent around 10.2 billion €, 51% of which for women. Age-standardized per-patient expenditure was however 5% lower for females than for males on average. Per-patient spending on elderly women (>65) was around 75% of the spending on men of the same age group. Further, health expenditure was higher for men for the treatment of chronic diseases. Importantly, the difference persisted after allowance of history chronic conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Our results are in sharp contrast with the US based literature showing that health expenditure in women is greater than in men. This may reflect inadequate attention to health care of women in Italy.

Abstract: The invention discloses a method for achieving RTCP machining on a four-axis horizontal-type machining center. Position sensors are arranged on coordinate axes of an ordinary four-axis horizontal-type numerically-controlled machine tool, real-time values, collected in the machining process, of coordinate positions of a workpiece are transmitted to a calculation device by the position sensors, the coordinate compensation value of the workpiece is calculated in real time by the calculation device according to the distance of the null point of a workpiece coordinate system and the center of the B-axis and the real-time values of the coordinate positions, and the machine tool is controlled by an NC controller according to the workpiece coordinate compensation value provided by the calculation device to adjust machining allowance in real time so that the workpiece can be machined. On the premise that original machining functions of the four-axis horizontal-type machining center are achieved, RTCP machining is achieved on the four-axis horizontal-type machining center, fields of machining through the ordinary four-axis horizontal-type machining center are expanded, the defect that RTCP machining can only be achieved on an imported five-axis high-end machine tool is overcome, and technical monopolies of imported five-axis series machine tools are broken.

Abstract: The invention provides a machining method for preventing high-precision large titanium alloy thin-wall casting mounting edge deformation and belongs to the technical field of titanium alloy machining. The method has the advantages that process routes are adjusted, drilling and arc-shaped groove milling are performed in advance, stabilization is added, and machining stress can be reduced; manual machining is changed into numerical control machining, the numerical control program not intervened the whole process is used, allowance is removed evenly, and large machining stress caused by manual cutter compensation can be avoided; a lengthened cutter rod is used, two inner holes and the small end face are machined simultaneously, and coaxiality of the two inner holes and jump of the small end face are guaranteed; the clamping scheme of a clamp is modified, deformation caused by part oscillation during machine can be avoided, the technical bottleneck of large titanium alloy thin-wall casting mounting edge deformation is broken through, and design requirements of parts are satisfied.

Abstract: The invention discloses a method for conducting rough machining allowance removal on a blisk by means of wire-electrode cutting and a special clamp. According to the method, the rotating angle of a blisk blank is calculated by means of the projection method, then the blisk blank is installed on a two-coordinate machine tool through the special clamp and is rotated according to the rotating angle obtained from the first step, and finally wire-electrode cutting rough machining is conducted on the blisk blank rotated in place. According to the method, the traditional wire-electrode cutting machining principle is applied to slotting of a blisk channel, due to the fact that no cutting force exists during electrospark wire-electrode cutting, the influence of deformation caused by vibration during machining is small, and tool abrasion is avoided; furthermore; machining cost is low due to the fact that the two-coordinate machine tool is adopted for wire-electrode cutting, and the machining cost of the blisk is reduced by over 50%.

Abstract: The invention relates to an assembly line successive approximation analog-to-digital converter which can eliminate offset voltage of an allowance amplifier. A capacitor is added to a signal channel between the input end of a comparator and the input end of the allowance amplifier and is used for storing the offset voltage of the allowance amplifier without changing the working principle of a single-level circuit. By means of the assembly line successive approximation analog-to-digital converter, errors which are caused by the offset voltage of the allowance amplifier to the whole circuit can be reduced.

Abstract: The invention relates to a thin-walled special-shaped plate machining method. With the increasing development of science and technology, thin-walled special-shaped plates are applied to aerospace, automobile and ship parts and various mechanical parts more and more widely. However, finished surfaces of existing thin-walled special-shaped plates are mostly machined through a machining center. The thin-walled special-shaped plate machining method includes: using a numerically controlled lathe to machine the inner surface of a part, positioning with the inner surface of the part, adopting a wire cutting method to remove machining allowance, reserving uniform machining allowance of 1-3mm on surfaces of two ends of the part, relieving residual internal stress inside the part by means of heat treatment, then using a vertical dividing mechanism for performing axial-dimension one-step machining forming on the two ends of the part on a low-speed wire cutting machine, and finally machining the outer contour of the part with the wire cutting method according to radial outline dimension requirements of one thin-walled special-shaped plate. The thin-walled special-shaped plate machining method is used for machining the thin-walled special-shaped plates.

Abstract: The invention discloses a production method of railway wheels The production method comprises the steps of billet cutting, steel billet heating, shaping, rolling, slow cooling or isothermal treatment, heat treatment and finish machining According to the production method, rough machining is cancelled, the allowance of the finish machining is appropriately increased, and accordingly the allowance of the tread machining can be increased after the heat treatment, more tread metal close to a surface layer can be removed under the condition that the requirements of the machining accuracy are met, and accordingly the depth of the abnormal structure area under the tread can be reduced or eliminated conveniently Compared with the conventional process, the depth of the abnormal structure area under the tread is greatly reduced and the consumption of a finish machining tool is reduced under the condition that performance indicators of the produced wheels are basically identical

Abstract: Provided is a machining method of a bearing outer ring. The machining method includes the following steps of blank preparation, heat treatment quenching, machining forming, double end face rough grinding, end face grinding and stopping groove turning, wherein in blank preparation, whether blank has the defects such as lamination and cracks or not is checked; in heat treatment quenching, medium-frequency quenching is performed on the surface of a bearing raceway, and after medium-frequency quenching is performed on the outer ring, internal stress relieving treatment needs to be performed on the outer ring at the temperature of 200 DEG C; in machining forming, allowance is reduced so as to prepare for grinding; in double end face rough grinding, a linear speed is controlled to be 1500 rounds per minute; in end face grinding, a resin grinding wheel with 46 or 60 granularity is used for grinding, the grinding amount is less than that of rough grinding, and smoothness needs to reach the grade specified by a drawing; in stopping groove turning, marking and positioning are performed according to the size specified by the drawing, and after it is ensured that the size is correct, turning of a stopping groove is performed. According to the machining method of the bearing outer ring, the accuracy of the stopping groove of the outer ring is improved greatly, therefore, the assembly accuracy of a bearing is improved, deformation of a stopping ring is reduced when stress is exerted on the stopping ring, the reliability is improved, and the service life is prolonged.

Abstract: The invention discloses a method for machining an optical lens with three radii. The optical lens is machined through two machining steps according to the technology, and the specific technology includes the steps of milling, accurate grinding, edging, polishing, milling, accurate grinding, polishing and film coating. The first machining step includes the steps of reserving a central thickness tolerance and a rise tolerance which are required to be controlled in the first machining step, and enabling the opening diameter of an R3 face to be increased in the first machining step so as to be suitable for polishing and machining, and meanwhile reserving an arc height allowance which is larger than 0.7mm when secondary milling is carried out on an R1 face. The second machining step includes the technological steps of mainly achieving grinding on the R1 face, enabling the total height to be guaranteed, meanwhile, controlling the opening diameter of an R2 face to be within a required range, conducting accurate grinding and polishing, and then enabling the total height to meet drawing requirements of parts. The whole technological processes are easy and convenient to carry out, and the method is suitable for field control, machining requirements are met, and the optical lens is suitable for mass machining.

Abstract: The invention discloses a cutting method of a milling type micro type cutter. The method comprises the following steps of (a) semifinishing with a first ball-end mill and (b) finish machining with a second ball-end mill. Finish machining with the second ball-end mill comprises the following steps of (b1) back chipping manufacturing procedure executing and (b2) curved surface finishing. According to the method, before the second ball-end mill is used for machining, an even and high-quality to-be-machined surface can be provided for machining of the second ball-end mill through the adoption of semifinishing design, and therefore the service life of the second ball-end mill is prolonged; in the finish machining process, the machining allowance at the position of a first arc groove bottom of a workpiece is reduced by utilizing the back chipping manufacturing procedure, a third V-type machining surface is machined through curved surface finishing, cutting counter-acting force borne by the second ball-end mill in the finish machining process can be reduced, the mill breakage phenomenon can be reduced, and therefore through reasonable setting of the steps, the service life of the second ball-end mill can be ensured, and the surface machining quality of the workpiece is improved.

Abstract: We propose to determine the delay time of coupling between self-oscillatory systems using a modification of the well-known method based on a model of the oscillation phase dynamics, which ensures its applicability in the case of nonwhite noises influencing this dynamics. For this purpose, the method of calculating a confidence interval is refined by allowance for the correlation time of the phase noise. The applicability of the proposed estimator is illustrated by the results of numerical experiments with systems of standard coupled oscillators.

Abstract: To reduce carbon emission, Cap-and-Trade (C&T) is regarded as one of the effective environmental regulations around the world, which brings huge challenges to generating companies. In this paper, a non-linear programming model considering market drive of green consumption is proposed to make decisions of green improvement, production planning, product pricing and carbon trading for the generating companies. Policies allocating absolute and relative emission allowance are also analyzed through numerical experiments. Our research results show that the consumers' factors such as the environmental awareness can be as important as the government regulations in emission reduction. The system performance of generating companies performs better when carbon price fluctuates and the consumers' environmental awareness improves if relative emission allowance policy is implemented.

Abstract: The invention discloses a method for machining a small conical hole used for installing a servo motor encoder. The method is characterized is that a boring tool with the diameter phi being 6mm is adopted for boring a hole; parameters of a lathe are set, wherein the lathe is an SL320 NC lathe, the rotating speed of a main shaft is 1000rpm, the feeding speed f is 0.08, and the feeding amount delta is 0.05. The method comprises the following steps: step A, the outer circle of a rotating shaft to be machined is ground into a required size according to requirements; step B, three flexible jaws of a hydraulic chuck of the SL320 NC lathe are used for clamping the outer circle of the rotating shaft; step C, a hole is drilled in one end of the rotating shaft, wherein the diameter phi of the hole is 4.2mm, and the depth of the hole is 25mm; step D, a hole is drilled in the end of the rotating shaft, wherein the diameter phi of the hole is 8mm, and the depth of the hole is 13.5mm; step E, a conical hole is drilled in the end of the shaft end, wherein the depth of the hole is 13.5mm; step F, the boring tool with the diameter phi being 6mm is used for boring the conical hole to make the conical hole be in the size of a required conical hole. Compared with the prior art, the method for machining the small conical hole used for installing the servo motor encoder has the advantages that the machining time is shortened and the machining amount is reduced by removing chipping allowance, as a result, machining efficiency is improved, and machining cost is reduced.

Abstract: This paper presents an alternative site-specific dynamic allowance factor for railwaybridges. It is calculated numerically using a model that allows for train–bridgeinteraction and takes into accou ...

Abstract: In order to address the issues of cutting steps induced by the separated machining of corners and profiles of aircraft structural parts as well as the increase of the cutting force and vibration due to the sharp change of the feed angle at the corner and the contact cutting angle,an integrated machining process and its tool path generation method are proposed for machining the corners and profiles in aircraft structural partsIn the proposed method,profiles and corners in one pocket are machined in one machining operationFirstly,the allowance is calculated for finish machining which can guarantee the uniform change of the cutting angle within limitsThe machining area is also obtained for subsequent tool pathThen by using the combination principle of maximum and constant contact cutting angle in corner positions,the corner material is removed evenly by multiple passesTherefore the cutting condition is improvedClothoid curve segments are adopted so as to smoothen the transition of the tool path,ensure the continuous change of the curvature,as well as reduce the vibration of the machine toolThe cutting experiment results show that the proposed method can improve the conditions of the cutting force,reduce vibration during machining as well as improve the surface machining quality

Abstract: A satellite injection success evaluation method. Orbit quantities including a semi-major axis deviation |delta a|, a tilt angle deviation |delta i|, and an eccentricity deviation |delta e| in satellite injection are used to determine whether maximum deviation of |delta aL|, |delta iL| and |delta eL| given by a carrier rocket are met; and if all the maximum deviation are met, the satellite injection result is "a complete success". If one or more of the conditions are not satisfied, in addition to fuel which is used to guarantee normal in-orbit maintenance or a preset orbit transfer mission, a maximum deviation, which can be corrected by the semi-major axis, the tilt angle, and the eccentricity, can be estimated according to a fuel allowance; and all values are weighted and added, and the satellite injection result is a "success" when a sum of all the values is less than 1. All fuel quantity is used to respectively estimate the maximum value which can be corrected by each deviation, the maximum values are weighted and added, and the satellite injection result is a "basic success" when the sum of the maximum values are less than 1. A graphical method is used to carry out boundary division of the above three success results, and to define the regional scope of three different types of successes. When the satellite injection success evaluation is carried out, the actual injection error is used to search the regional scope, and the success type of the given launch is determined.

Abstract: The invention discloses a boring process for a bearing support of an automobile intermediate shaft. The boring process mainly comprises the following steps that (1), a workpiece material HT200 is selected, the roughness is 22 micrometers, a machine tool is a T611 horizontal boring machine, a tool is a through boring tool, and d is 25mm; (2), a hole is bored roughly until the diameter is 139.9mm, the unilateral allowance Z is 0.8mm, and all allowance ap of 0.8mm is removed by one boring; (3), the cutting speed r of the horizontal boring machine is determined to be 35m/min, and the rotation speed n of a main shaft of the horizontal boring machine is 212r/min; (4), the unilateral allowance Z of a semi-fine-boring hole is 0.1mm, all allowance ap of 0.1mm is removed by one tolerance, and the feed amount f is 0.2mm/r. The boring process has the advantages that bearings produced according to the process can facilitate stabilizing rollers, balls can be fixed conveniently when installed, and the bearings can be improved according to different automobile types and are convenient to replace and maintain timely.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for building a wireless intersystem electromagnetic interference allowance calculation model The method for building the wireless intersystem electromagnetic interference allowance calculation model comprises the following steps that firstly, a wireless system which comprises a transmitter and a receiver is selected; secondly, whether the wireless system in the first step meets the condition of frequency elimination or not is judged, wherein if yes, the electromagnetic interference allowance calculation process is not executed, and if not, the third step is executed; thirdly, electromagnetic interference allowance calculation is carried out on the wireless system in the first step The method for building the wireless intersystem electromagnetic interference allowance calculation model can provide powerful technological support for system EMC designing