Abstract: Theory and research in both personality psychology and creativity share an essential commonality: emphasis on the uniqueness of the individual. Both disciplines also share an emphasis on temporal consistency and have a 50-year history, and yet no quantitative review of the literature on the creative personality has been conducted. The 3 major goals of this article are to present the results of the first meta-analytic review of the literature on personality and creative achievement, to present a conceptual integration of underlying potential psychological mechanisms that personality and creativity have in common, and to show how the topic of creativity has been important to personality psychologists and can be to social psychologists. A common system of personality description was obtained by classifying trait terms or scales onto one of the Five-Factor Model (or Big Five) dimensions: neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. Effect size was measured using Cohen's d (Cohen, 1988). Comparisons on personality traits were made on 3 sets of samples: scientists versus nonscientists, more creative versus less creative scientists, and artists versus nonartists. In general, creative people are more open to new experiences, less conventional and less conscientious, more self-confident, self-accepting, driven, ambitious, dominant, hostile, and impulsive. Out of these, the largest effect sizes were on openness, conscientiousness, self-acceptance, hostility, and impulsivity. Further, there appears to be temporal stability of these distinguishing personality dimensions of creative people. Dispositions important to creative behavior are parsed into social, cognitive, motivational, and affective dimensions. Creativity like most complex behaviors requires an intra- as well as interdisciplinary view and thereby mitigates the historically disciplinocentric attitudes of personality and social psychologists.

Abstract: Six hundred fifty-two employees composing 51 work teams participated in a study examining relationships among team composition (ability and personality), team process (social cohesion), and team outcomes (team viability and team performance). Mean, variance, minimum, and maximum were 4 scoring methods used to operationaliz e the team composition variables to capture the team members' characteristics. With respect to composition variables, teams higher in general mental ability (GMA), conscientiousness, agreeableness, extraversion, and emotional stability received higher supervisor ratings for team performance. Teams higher in GMA, extraversion, and emotional stability received higher supervisor ratings for team viability. Results also show that extraversion and emotional stability were associated with team viability through social cohesion. Implications and future research needs are discussed.

Abstract: In this article, the results of a meta-analysis that investigates the degree to which dimensions of the Five-Factor Model (FFM) of personality are related to performance in jobs involving interpersonal interactions are reported. The article also investigates whether the nature of the interactions with others moderates the personality-performance relations. The meta-analysis was based on 11 studies (total N = 1,586). each of which assessed the FFM at the construct level using the Personal Characteristics Inventory. Results support the hypothesis that Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, and Emotional Stability are positively related to performance in jobs involving interpersonal interactions. Results also support the hypothesis that Emotional Stability and Agreeableness are more strongly related to performance in jobs that involve team- work (where employees interact interdependently with coworkers), than in those that involve dyadic interactions with others (where employees provide a direct service to custom...

Abstract: Personality influences on social relationships and vice versa were longitudinally studied. Personality affected relationships, but not vice versa. After entry to university, 132 students participated for 18 month in a study in which the Big Five factors of personality, the subfactors Sociability and Shyness, and all significant social relationships were repeatedly assessed. A subsample kept diaries of all significant social interactions. After the initial correlation between personality and relationship quality was controlled for, Extraversion and its subfactors, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness predicted aspects of relationships such as number of peer relationships, conflict with peers, and falling in love. In contrast, relationship qualities did not predict personality traits, and changes in relationship qualities were unrelated to changes in personality traits. Consequences for dynamic-interactionistic views of personality and relationships are discussed.

Abstract: During the early part of this century, a group of American anthropologists, who were admittedly influenced by the psychodynamic psychology of Freud, began to concern themselves with the study of intercultural variation in personality (cf. DuBois, 1944; Kardiner, 1945). These anthropologists were not so much interested in the development of individual personality, as was true of their counterparts in psychology; rather, they were intrigued by the societal distribution of various personality characteristics. Fromm (1942) summarized their interest when he wrote, "We are interested.., not in the peculiarities by which • . . persons differ from each other, but in that part of their character structure [personality] that is common to most members of the group" (p. 277). These anthropologists believed that an understanding of shared personality

Abstract: Negotiation researchers theorize that individual differences are determinants of bargaining processes and outcomes but have yet to establish empirically the role of individual differences. In 2 studies the authors used bargaining simulations to examine the roles of personality and cognitive ability in distributive (Study 1 ) and integrative (Study 2) negotiation. The authors hypothesized and found evidence that Extraversion and Agreeableness are liabilities in distributive bargaining encounters. For both Extraversion and Agreeableness there were interactions between personality and negotiator aspirations such that personality effects were more pronounced in the absence of high aspirations. Contrary to predictions, Conscientiousness was generally unrelated to bargaining success. Cognitive ability played no role in distributive bargaining but was markedly related to the attainment of joint outcomes in a situation with integrative potential. Over the course of decades of bargaining research, it has been widely assumed that the personal characteristics of individual bargainers are relevant to an understanding of the processes and outcomes of negotiation encounters. Unfortunately, empirical support for the role of individual differences in bargaining is inconclusive (Neale & Northcraft, 1991; Pruitt & Carnevale, 1993), leading some researchers to question whether such differences are important determinants of negotiation behavior (e.g., Lewicki, Litterer, Minton, & Saunders, 1994). In this article we report the results of two studies designed to overcome some of the limitations that have plagued previous research on individual differences in negotiation. Rather than focus on individual, isolated traits, as has been the case in past research, we drew upon a comprehensive model of personality structure and considered the role of cognitive ability. We tested direct as well as interactive hypotheses addressing the role of bargainer characteristics, and we considered their effects at different stages of the negotiation episode. We considered both purely distributive bargaining situations and situations with in

Abstract: A review of the extant literature and new empirical research suggests that social desirability is not much of a concern in personality and integrity testing for personnel selection In particular, based on meta-analytically derived evidence, it appears that social desirability influences do not destroy the convergent and discriminant validity of the Big Five dimensions of personality (Emotional Stability, Extraversion, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness) We also present new empirical evidence regarding gender and age differences in socially desirable re- sponding Although social desirability predicts a number of important work variables such as job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and supervisor ratings of training success, social desirability does not seem to be a predictor of overall job performance and is only very weakly related to specific dimensions of job performance such as technical proficiency (r = -07) and personal discipline ( r = 05) Large sample investi

Abstract: Most chapters conclude with "Summary and Conclusion." 1.What Is Personality? Personality and Science. Preview of the Perspectives. A Brief History of Personality Psychology. Some Basic Issues: The Unconscious, the Self, Uniqueness, Gender, Situations, Culture. Personality in Context. 2.How is Personality Studied and Assessed? Measuring Personality: The Case of Personal Charisma. Varieties of Personality Measures. How Not to Test Personality. The Ethics of Personality Testing. 3.Psychoanalytic Aspects of Personality. Basic Psychoanalytic Concepts. Psychosexual Development. Male versus Female. Defense Mechanisms. Cross-Cultural Issues. Major Contributions and Limitations of Freudian Psychoanalysis. Modern Developments from Experimental Psychology. 4.Neo-Analytic and Ego Aspects of Personality: Identity. Carl G. Jung and Selfhood. Alfred Adler, the Inferiority Complex, and the Importance of Society. Karen Horney, Culture, and Feminism. Other Bridges from Freud to More Modern Conceptions. Erik Erikson, Life Span Identity, and Identity Crises. Some Modern Approaches to Identity. 5.Biological Aspects of Personality. Genetic Effects through Temperament. Schizophrenia. Homosexuality. Mediated Effects of Biology. Effects from Creation of Environments. Effects from Reactions of Others. Personality and Public Policy. 6.Behaviorist and Learning Aspects of Personality. The Classical Conditioning of Personality. The Origins of Behaviorist Approaches: Watson's Behaviorism. The Radical Behaviorism of B.F. Skinner. Other Learning Approaches to Personality. Evaluation. 7.Cognitive Aspects of Personality. Roots of Cognitive Approaches. Cognitive and Perceptual Mechanisms. Humans as Scientists: George Kelly's Personal Construct Theory. Social Intelligence. Explanatory Style as a Personality Variable. Julian Rotter's Locus of Control Approach. Albert Bandura's Social-Cognitive Learning Theory. Humans as Computers. 8.Trait and Skill Aspects of Personality. The History of Trait Approaches. A Contemporary Trait Approach: The Big Five. Consensus in Personality Judgments. Types. Motives. Expressive Style. Skills. 9.Humanistic and Existential Aspects of Personality. Existentialism. Humanism. Love as a Central Focus of Life: Erich Fromm. Responsibility: Carl Rogers. Anxiety and Dread. Self-Actualization. Further Evaluation of Existential-Humanistic Approaches. 10.Person-Situation Interactionist Aspects of Personality. Harry Stack Sullivan: Interpersonal Psychiatry. Motivation and Goals: Henry Murray. Modern Interactionist Approaches Begin. Implicit Personality Theory. The Power of Situations. Time. Interactions, Emotions, and Development. 11.Male-Female Differences. Do Males and Females Differ? A Brief History of Gender Difference in Personality. Biological Influences on Gender Differences. Gender Differences in Personality from the Eight Perspectives. Cross-Cultural Studies of Gender Differences. Love and Sexual Behavior. 12.Stress, Adjustment, and Health Differences. Disease-Prone Personalities. Personality and Coronary-Proneness. The Human Termites. Blaming the Victim. The Self-Healing Personality. The Influence of Humanistic and Existential Aspects on Understanding of Self-Healing. 13.Cultural and Ethnic Differences. Layers of Group Influence. History of Research on Personality and Culture. Socioeconomic Influences on Personality. Karl Marx and Alienation. Language as a Cultural Influence. Culture and Testing. A More General Model of Personality and Culture. 14.Love and Hate. The Personality of Hate. Explanations of Hate: The Different Perspectives. Evaluation: Hate. The Personality of Love. Where Has Love Gone? 15. Where Will We Find Personality? The Brave New World of Personality. The Eight Perspectives Revisited.

Abstract: A naturalistic diary study was conducted to investigate the degree to which agreeableness and neuroticism moderate emotional reactions to conflict and nonconflict problems. Healthy community-residing males made diary recordings at the end of each of 8 successive days concerning problem occurrence and daily mood. Consistent with predictions based on person-environment fit, participants who scored higher in agreeableness experienced more subjective distress when they encountered more interpersonal conflicts than did their less agreeable counterparts. Neuroticism was related to a small but consistent reactivity to both conflict and nonconflict problems, contrary to person-environment fit. Reasons for the differences in the affective dynamics of agreeableness and neuroticism are discussed.

Abstract: Researchers have suggested that service orientation is an aspect of personality that affects service performance. Four studies were done to explore the effect of personality on customer service behavior among frontline sales personnel in a fast-food convenience store chain. An exploratory qualitative study with customers, store managers, and salespeople showed that there was consistency in the trait descriptors used to describe superior service providers. Another study validated scales that measure the personality constructs (extroversion, adjustment, and agreeableness) underlying trait descriptors noted in the exploratory study. Finally, the results of two studies showed that personality does influence customer service and that superior service providers tend to be higher in extroversion and agreeableness. The magnitude of the effect of personality in services and recommendations for future research concerning personality and performance in service roles are discussed.

Abstract: The authors tested the extent to which the personality dimensions of neuroticism, extraversion, and psychoticism (H. J. Eysenck & S. B. G. Eysenck, 1975) prospectively predicted global anxiety (assessed by items from the Brief Symptom Inventory: L. R. Derogatis & M. S. Spencer, 1982). The authors also examined prospective relations among these personality dimensions and depression to evaluate the specificity of findings. Participants were 466 young adults, primarily undergraduate students, assessed twice over a 3-year interval. An interaction between neuroticism and extraversion predicted both global anxiety and depression 3 years later. Findings indicated that personality, in particular the combination of high neuroticism and low extraversion, may play an important predisposing, etiological role in anxiety. Interpretations and implications of the predictive importance of the Neuroticism x Extraversion interaction in anxiety are discussed, and further speculations about the relation between anxiety and depression are put forth.

Abstract: The current study investigated the effects of personality variables as antecedents in predicting Organizational Citizenship Behaviors (OCBs), with the covenantal relationship as a mediating variable. 284 retail sales employees were administered 4 personality tests, a composite measure of the covenantal relationship, and a measure of citizenship behavior. Value for achievement, agreeableness, and conscientiousness predicted five types of organizational citizenship. Extraversion was not predictive across all citizenship behaviors. Implications for the relationship between personality and citizenship are discussed.

Abstract: For anyone who truly wishes to understand human personality, trait psychology is not an option. For decades, most personality psychologists opted for one or another of the major schools of psychology and attempted to understand human beings from its perspective. Psychoanalysts pondered free associations, behaviorists recorded behaviors, and self psychologists inventoried the self-concept. Although eclectic integrations were sometimes advanced (e.g., Murphy, 1947), most personality psychologists regarded perspectives other than their own with scorn and hostility. Dissension was the rule even within schools: Jun-gians and Freudians disputed the nature of the unconscious; Cattellians and Eysenckians argued about the true number of personality trait dimensions.

Abstract: The personality profiles for youths with Prader-Willi, fragile-X, or Williams syndrome were compared to three matched groups attending regular schools. Using the California Child Q-Set (CCQ), both of the parents of the 39 children with Prader-Willi syndrome, 32 boys with fragile-X syndrome, 28 children with Williams syndrome, and children in the comparison groups provided independent personality descriptions in terms of the Big Five personality factors of Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability, and Openness, along with Motor Activity and Irritability. Specific personality phenotypes for each of the three syndrome groups were found to be differentially related to parental behaviours (i.e. control and anger) and family contexts (i.e. experienced family stress, marital conflict, and parental consistency).

Abstract: OBJECTIVE: This study sought to determine whether personality traits of depressed pa~tients could be assessed similarly by informants and self-reports of the patients themselves. METHOD: Forty-six depressed outpatients completed the self-report (first-person) version of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory and nominated informants who knew them well to complete the third-person version of that instrument. RESULTS: Agreement between the self-ratings and informants' ratings on the five factors of the inventory—neuroticism, extraversion, openness-to-experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness—was high. The only significant difference between the self-ratings and informants' ratings was on the extraversion scale, where the patients rated themselves as significantly more introverted than did the informants. CONCLUSIONS: Informants' ratings of personality are similar to self-report ratings of depressed patients. Depressed mood may not influence the self-report of personality traits.

Abstract: The structure of personality disorder traits was examined in a sample of 400 undergraduates who completed the personality disorder questionnaire from the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID-II). The relations between personality disorder and normal personality traits indexed by the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised (EPQ-R) were examined. The three-cluster model of personality traits--as described in the DSM scheme--found equivocal support. Exploratory principal components analysis and confirmatory factor analysis found four broad factors of personality disorder that overlapped with normal personality traits: an asthenic factor related to neuroticism; an antisocial factor associated with psychoticism; an asocial factor linked to introversion-extraversion; and an anankastic (obsessive-compulsive) factor. There is growing agreement about the number and type of broad personality disorder dimensions; similar dimensions may be found in clinical and non-clinical samples, suggesting that those people with personality disorders differ quantitatively rather than qualitatively from others; and there is substantial overlap between normal and abnormal personality dimensions.

Abstract: This recta-analysis used 9 literature search strategies to examine 137 distinct personality constructs as correlates of subjective well-being (SWB). Personality was found to be equally predictive of life satisfaction, happiness, and positive affect, but significantly less predictive of negative affect. The traits most closely associated with SWB were repressive-defensiveness, trust, emotional stability, locus of control-chance, desire for control, hardiness, positive affectivity, private collective selfesteem, and tension. When personality traits were grouped according to the Big Five factors, Neuroticism was the strongest predictor of life satisfaction, happiness, and negative affect. Positive affect was predicted equally well by Extraversion and Agreeableness. The relative importance of personality for predicting SWB, how personality might influence SWB, and limitations of the present review are discussed.

Abstract: The occurrence of personality disorders was investigated in 36 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder by means of the SCID Screen questionnaire. In addition, the personality dimensions were explored by means of the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). In total, 75% of the patients fulfilled the criteria for a personality disorder according to the SCID Screen questionnaire, mostly (55%) within cluster C. Several significant correlations were found between the separate personality disorders (PD) and subscales of the TCI, the most pronounced being between avoidant and obsessive-compulsive PD and novelty-seeking and self-directedness. Strong correlations were also found between self-directedness and paranoid and borderline PD. In multiple regressions where the presence of PD in clusters A, B and C, respectively, were used as dependent variables and where the separate subscales of the TCI were used as independent variables, the multiple R reached 0.68, 0.76 and 0.80 in clusters A, B and C, respectively. Thus 46-64% of the variance in the personality disorder clusters could be explained by the TCI subscales.

Abstract: The aim of this study was to examine therelations of masculinity and femininity with five-factorpersonality dimensions in Croatian adolescents. Sampleconsisted of 464 high school graduates, all of them Caucasian, and approximately 90% Croatian.Results were analyzed by multiple regression procedureusing masculinity, femininity, gender, and theirinteractions as independent variables. All three maineffects were found to be statistically significant,with no significant interactions. Masculinitycontributes positively to extraversion andconscientiousness, and negatively to neuroticism andagreeableness, while femininity shows strong positive relationshipwith agreeableness, and weak positive relationships withthe other four dimensions. Results are discussed interms of four proposed models of the relation between gender role orientation and psychologicalhealth.

Abstract: Temperament is assumed to be the biologically based, emotional core of personality. Adult personality is presumed to emerge developmentally from temperament. One mechanism that may link temperament to subsequent personality development involves caregiver expectancies. Stability in personality may be associated with caregiver expectancies about the meaning of temperament-based behavior. The expectancies, in combination with implicit theories of personality development, support stability and patterned change. This multimethod study examined the relations among motor activity differences, temperament, and expectations about future personality characteristics in preschool children. It was hypothesized that motor activity and temperament differences would be linked to teachers' expectations about later personality development. The hypothesis that expectations about such links would be moderated by the sex of the child was also examined. Outcomes generally corroborated hypotheses. Results are discussed in terms of personality development and age-related adaptations to social contexts.