TL;DR: A. helianthi should be removed from the Korean quarantine pest list, since its natural occurrence in Korea is confirmed by the present study, and its biology and pest status summarized from previous literature.
Abstract: Acanthiophilus helianthi (Rossi) (safflower fly) is known to host a wide range of plant species belonging to the tribe Cardueae (Asteraceae). It is also known as a serious pest of safflower in the dry regions and marginal areas of the world where safflower is an important oilseed crop. Due to its possible introduction to Korean peninsula, it is listed as a managed quarantine pest by the Korean Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency. We here report a natural occurrence of A. helianthi for the first time in Korea, based on a single female specimen collected from northern part of South Korea. Since the discovery of A. helianthi is of agricultural and quarantine importance in this part of world, we here provide its detailed morphological redescription, diagnosis, and color photographs including genitalic structures for accurate identification. We also provide a brief account of its biology and pest status summarized from previous literature. In order to make sure the correct identification of the newly discovered Korean specimen of A. helianthi as well as to investigate systematic position of the genus Acanthiophilus, we conducted a DNA barcoding analysis. Finally, we here suggest that A. helianthi should be removed from the Korean quarantine pest list, since its natural occurrence in Korea is confirmed by the present study.
TL;DR: The monotypic Chipingomyia Hancock (with C. manica Hancock) is shown to be unrelated to the Afreutreta group and is transferred from the Tephritini to the Aciurini.
Abstract: Afreutreta Bezzi is redefined. In addition to A. bipunctata (Loew), the type species, it also contains A. hemimelas (Bezzi) comb. n. and A. muiri (Bezzi) comb. n., both transferred from Acanthiophilus Becker. Genera considered to be related to Afreutreta are Cosmetothrix Munro (monotypic, with C. discoidalis Bezzi), and Tarchonanthea gen. n. (with T. frauenfeldi Schiner, the type species, and T. coleoptrata sp. n.). These three genera constitute the Afreutreta group, although monophyly of this group has not been demonstrated. The monotypic Chipingomyia Hancock (with C. manica Hancock) is shown to be unrelated to the Afreutreta group and is transferred from the Tephritini to the Aciurini. Afreutreta bevisi Munro is transferred to Parafreutreta Munro, in the Sphenella group. Other genera that have traditionally been considered to be related to Afreutreta are briefly discussed with comments on their correct placement. Head, wing, and male and female terminalia are illustrated for all species treated.
TL;DR: It was discovered that the fruit fly was associated with host fruits inflicting sever injury and this is the first record of A. helianthi from this State and all of these associations are new records.
Abstract: Family Tephritidae of order Diptera comprises with the greatest diversity and the largest number of fruit fly species, which impose quarantine restrictions for imports of fruits and vegetables from countries in which they occur. Various species of fruit flies (Tephritidae) are pests of highly important horticulture crops, inflicting serious damage of high economic values. Of them, fly species Acanthiophilus helianthi (Rossi) of genus Acanthiophilus Becker in Subfamily Tephritinae, now has been reported troublesome as an important pest on safflower (Carthamus oxyacantha) and the thistle (Carduus nutans) host plants for the fly fauna of Pakistan. This presents the interactions of fruit fly species with host plant species from this region recorded for the first time. It was discovered that the fruit fly was associated with host fruits inflicting sever injury. This is the first record of A. helianthi from this State and all of these associations are new records. The localities from which pest samples were collected are indicated in the manuscript. Knowledge of frugivorous Tephritoidea species richness and their interactions with the host plants is extremely important to integrated pest management stratagem.
TL;DR: A dispersal-vicariance analysis suggests that the genus originated in Africa and dispersed from it to other parts of the world following climate changes and the dispersal of its host plants.
Abstract: Acanthiophilus Becker (Diptera: Tephritidae) is a fruit fly genus currently with 10 species, all of which restricted to flowerheads of plants in the family Asteraceae. Most species in the genus are limited to the Afrotropical Region, but Acanthiophilus helianthi (Rossi) is also widespread in the Palearctic Region, where it is considered to be a major pest of safflower. No information on the life history of any of the species other than A. helianthi has been available so far, and the phylogeny and geographic origin of the genus have never been investigated. In this work, we revised Acanthiophilus based on a thorough morphological and cladistic study of the 10 described and three undescribed species and provide a key and illustrations for all of them.We describe Acanthiophilus minor, n. sp., Acanthiophilus summissus, n. sp., and Acanthiophilus unicus, n. sp., and reassign Acanthiophilus astrophorus Hering, Acanthiophilus coarctatus Hering, Acanthiophilus kohleri Hering, Acanthiophilus melanoxanthus...
TL;DR: Four species of Trupanea Shrank (Diptera: Tephritidae) with unusual wing patterns are described from the Neotropical Region and Aphyllocladus spartioides Wedd.
Abstract: Four species of Trupanea Shrank (Diptera: Tephritidae) with unusual wing patterns are described from the Neotropical Region: T. dimorphica (Argentina), T. fasciata (Argentina), T. polita (Argentina and Bolivia), and T. trivittata (Argentina). Celidosphenella Hendel, 1914 and Melanotrypana Hering, 1944 are considered new synonyms of Trupanea, and the following species are transferred from Celidosphenella to Trupanea: Acinia bella Blanchard, 1852; Acanthiophilus benoisti Seguy, 1933; Tephritis diespasmena Schiner, 1868; Celidosphenella maculata Hendel, 1914; Sphenella poecila Schiner, 1868; Trypanea simulata Malloch, 1933; Trupanea stonei Stuardo, 1946; and Trypanea vidua Hering, 1942. Aphyllocladus spartioides Wedd. (Asteraceae: Mutisieae) is reported as a probable host plant for Trupanea dimorphica.