Open AccessDissertation
Volcanisme alcalin associé à l'initiation de la rupture continentale : Rift Est Africain, Tanzanie, bassin de Manyara
Céline Baudouin
- 25 Nov 2016
9
TL;DR: In this paper, a verre trachytique contient du CO2 (0,43 pds % CO2, analyses SIMS), du soufre ( 0,21 a 0,92 pds% S), du chlore (0.28 − 0,84 pds%) Cl, and tres peu d’H2O (< 0,1pds % H2O, analyses Raman).
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Abstract: Le rift Est africain (REA) est une frontiere de plaque en extension. Ce rift presente plusieurs stades d’extension, de l’initiation du rift en Tanzanie jusqu’a l’accretion oceanique en Afar. Le bassin de Manyara se situe le plus au sud de branche Est du REA. Il est caracterise par la presence de volcanisme recent ( 55) (Labait, Kwaraha), de calciocarbonatite (Kwaraha) et des nephelinites differenciees (Mg# 120 km (presence de xenolites avec des conditions d’equilibre > 4 GPa). Les mineraux ont cristallises a partir d’un magma pauvre en eau (0,1 et 0,5 pds % H2O). La calciocarbonatite et les nephelinites differencies sont issues des nephelinites magnesiennes par cristallisation fractionnee et processus d’immiscibilite. Les nephelinites du Hanang sont riches en elements alcalins (9,5 – 12,1 pds % Na2O+K2O) et en silice (44,2 – 46,7 pds% SiO2) et sont composes de cpx, grenat, nepheline, titanite et apatite. La zonation complexe dans les cpx (par exemple, changement brusque de Mg#, Nb/Ta, et H2O) implique une differenciation magmatique en systeme ouvert avec immiscibilite de liquide carbonate et silicate ainsi qu’un remplissage de la chambre magmatique avec des liquides primaires. La faible teneur en eau des cpx (3 – 25 ppm H2O) indique la presence d’un magma pauvre en eau (0,3 pds % H2O) lors de la cristallisation des cpx a des conditions crustales (340 – 640 MPa et 1050 – 1100 °C). L’etude des inclusions vitreuses dans les nephelines de Hanang permet de contraindre l'evolution magmatique tardive des nephelinites et le comportement des elements volatils (CO2, H2O, S, F, Cl) lors du stockage et de la remontee du magma. Les inclusions vitreuses sont composees d’un verre trachytique, d’une phase carbonatee et d’une bulle de retraction. Le verre trachytique contient du CO2 (0,43 pds % CO2, analyses SIMS), du soufre (0,21 a 0,92 pds% S), du chlore (0,28 – 0,84 pds % Cl) et tres peu d’H2O (< 0,1 pds % H2O, analyses Raman). Le processus d’immiscibilite conduisant a la formation du carbonate se produit dans un systeme ferme pendant l'ascension rapide du magma, entre 200 – 500 MPa. La phase carbonatee est un carbonate anhydre et riche en Ca-Na-K-S (33 pds % CaO, 20 pds % Na2O, 3 pds % K2O, et 3 pds % S). Le liquide pre-immiscible a une composition phonolitique avec 6 ± 1,5 pds % CO2 a une pression de 700 MPa. Une etude preliminaire des inclusions par spectroscopie XANES et des roches par spectroscopie Mossbauer a permis de determiner que les laves de Manyara se sont formees a conditions oxydantes (~ ∆FMQ +1,5).A l’initiation du rift, le volcanisme dans le bassin de Manyara est caracterise par des magmas riches en CO2 et pauvres en H2O issus d’au moins 120 km de profondeur sous l'escarpement du rift. La presence de ces magmas riches en CO2 et la faible quantite de roches volcaniques emises a la surface peuvent indiquer que le piegeage et la percolation de ces magmas en profondeur est un declencheur potentiel des essaims sismiques profonds.
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Citations
•Journal Article
The Gregory Rift Valley and Neogene-Recent Volcanoes of Northern Tanzania
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the geology of the Gregory Rift valley, the southernmost extension of the East Africa Rift system where rifting impinges onto the Tanzanian craton.
76
Phlogopite-Olivine Nephelinites Erupted During Early Stage Rifting, North Tanzanian Divergence
Céline Baudouin,Fleurice Parat +1 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors estimate the depth of partial melting based on primary melt compositions and empirical relations, and suggest that melting occurred at depths of 110-130 km for craton-edge lavas (Kwaraha volcano) and 150 km (5 GPa) for on-craton lava fields (Labait volcano).
Redox Evolution of a Degassing Magma Rising to the Surface and its Effects on Eruptive Dynamics
Alain Burgisser,Bruno Scaillet +1 more
- 01 May 2006
TL;DR: A coupled chemical–physical model of conduit flow is used to show that the redox state evolution of an ascending magma, and thus of its coexisting gas phase, is strongly dependent on both the composition and the amount of gas in the reservoir.
9
Substitution of ‘small’ divalent cations (e.g. Mg) for Si and Al in the nepheline tetrahedral framework: 1. Calculation of atomic formulae and stoichiometry parameters
TL;DR: In this paper , a review paper on nepheline solid solutions dealt mainly with sodic varieties from sodic syenites and differentiated alkali basaltic sills, and spreadsheets were provided for recalculating cell formulae in terms of the stoichiometric parameters ΔAlcavity cation charge and ΔTframework charge and molecular percentages of the end-members Ne, Ks, Ca-nepheline and excess Si (Qxs).
6
Substitution of ‘small’ divalent cations (e.g. Mg) for Si and Al in the nepheline tetrahedral framework: 2. The occurrence of Mg-rich nepheline and kalsilite
TL;DR: In this article , the presence of Mg-rich nepheline and kalsilite in the groundmass of strongly SiO2-undersaturated, feldspar-free, mafic volcanic rocks (i.e., olivine-rich foidites).
3
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