Journal Article10.1146/annurev-immunol-101220-032117
Tissue Immunity in the Bladder.
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TL;DR: The urothelium has robust immune functionality, and its defensive capabilities are supported by resident immune cells, including macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and γδ T cells, which are discussed in turn.
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Abstract: The bladder is a major component of the urinary tract, an organ system that expels metabolic waste and excess water, which necessitates proximity to the external environment and its pathogens. It also houses a commensal microbiome. Therefore, its tissue immunity must resist pathogen invasion while maintaining tolerance to commensals. Bacterial infection of the bladder is common, with half of women globally experiencing one or more episodes of cystitis in their lifetime. Despite this, our knowledge of bladder immunity, particularly in humans, is incomplete. Here we consider the current view of tissue immunity in the bladder, with a focus on defense against infection. The urothelium has robust immune functionality, and its defensive capabilities are supported by resident immune cells, including macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and γδ T cells. We discuss each in turn and consider why adaptive immune responses are often ineffective in preventing recurrent infection, as well as areas of priority for future research.
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TL;DR: Treatment of nulliparous and post-lactation UTI-bearing female mice with a TIMP1 neutralizing antibody, restores mammary tissue normal homeostasis, thus providing evidence for a link between the systemic host response during UTI and mammary gland alterations.
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Preclinical Evaluation of Nitroxide-Functionalised Ciprofloxacin as a Novel Antibiofilm Drug Hybrid for Urinary Tract Infections
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