The Solar Cycle
TL;DR: An examination of prediction techniques for the solar cycle is examined and a closer look at cycles 23 and 24 is taken.
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Abstract: The Solar Cycle is reviewed. The 11-year cycle of solar activity is characterized by the rise and fall in the numbers and surface area of sunspots. We examine a number of other solar activity indicators including the 10.7 cm radio flux, the total solar irradiance, the magnetic field, flares and coronal mass ejections, geomagnetic activity, galactic cosmic ray fluxes, and radioisotopes in tree rings and ice cores that vary in association with the sunspots. We examine the characteristics of individual solar cycles including their maxima and minima, cycle periods and amplitudes, cycle shape, and the nature of active latitudes, hemispheres, and longitudes. We examine long-term variability including the Maunder Minimum, the Gleissberg Cycle, and the Gnevyshev-Ohl Rule. Short-term variability includes the 154-day periodicity, quasi-biennial variations, and double peaked maxima. We conclude with an examination of prediction techniques for the solar cycle.
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The Solar Orbiter mission -- Science overview
Daniel Müller,O. C. St. Cyr,I. Zouganelis,Holly Gilbert,Richard G. Marsden,Teresa Nieves-Chinchilla,Ester Antonucci,F. Auchère,David Berghmans,Timothy S. Horbury,Russell A. Howard,Säm Krucker,Milan Maksimovic,Christopher J. Owen,Pierre Rochus,Javier Rodriguez-Pacheco,Marco Romoli,Sami K. Solanki,Sami K. Solanki,Roberto Bruno,Mats Carlsson,Andrzej Fludra,Louise K. Harra,Donald M. Hassler,Stefano Livi,Philippe Louarn,Hardi Peter,Udo Schühle,Luca Teriaca,J. C. del Toro Iniesta,Robert F. Wimmer-Schweingruber,Eckart Marsch,Marco Velli,A. De Groof,Andrew Walsh,D. J. Williams +35 more
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