The Integrated WRF/urban modelling system : development, evaluation, and application to urban environmental problems

TL;DR: In this paper, a combination of observational and modeling analyses indicates synergies between urban heat islands and heat waves, and the added heat stress in cities will be even higher than the sum of the background urban heat island effect and the heat wave effect.

TL;DR: The WUDAPT protocol developed here provides an easy to understand workflow; uses freely available data and software; and can be applied by someone without specialist knowledge in spatial analysis or urban climate science.

TL;DR: The effect of urbanization on storm-induced extreme precipitation and flooding should be more explicitly included in global climate models, and this study highlights its importance when assessing the future risk of such extreme events in highly urbanized coastal areas.

TL;DR: It is shown that, in the absence of any adaptive urban design, urban expansion across the United States imparts warming over large regional swaths of the country that is a significant fraction of anticipated temperature increases resulting from greenhouse gas-induced warming.

TL;DR: The WRF/Chem model is statistically better skilled in forecasting O3 than MM5/Chem, with no appreciable differences between models in terms of bias with the observations, and consistently exhibits better skill at forecasting the O3 precursors CO and NOy at all of the surface sites.

TL;DR: In this article, a major revision of the Betts and Miller convection scheme was made, a new marine viscous sublayer scheme was designed, and the Mellor-Yamada planetary boundary layer (PBL) formulation was retuned.

TL;DR: The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model as mentioned in this paper was developed as a collaborative effort among the NCAR Mesoscale and Microscale Meteorology (MMM) Division, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and Forecast System Laboratory (FSL), the Department of Defense's Air Force Weather Agency (AFWA) and Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), the Center for Analysis and Prediction of Storms (CAPS) at the University of Oklahoma, and the Federal Aviation Administration (F

TL;DR: A real-time and retrospective North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS) is presented in this article, which consists of four land models executing in parallel in uncoupled mode, common hourly surface forcing, and common streamflow routing: all using a 1/8° grid over the continental United States.