The Integrated Phenotype
TL;DR: This review summarizes a brief history of the concept of phenotypic integration in plant and animal biology, and uses an empirical case-study approach to highlight recent advance in clarifying the developmental and genomic basis of integration.
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Abstract: Proper functioning of complex phenotypes requires that multiple traits work together. Examination of relationships among traits within and between complex characters and how they interact to function as a whole organism is critical to advancing our understanding of evolutionary developmental plasticity. Phenotypic integration refers to the relationships among multiple characters of a complex phenotype, and their relationships with other functional units (modules) in an organism. In this review, I summarize a brief history of the concept of phenotypic integration in plant and animal biology. Following an introduction of concepts, including modularity, I use an empirical case-study approach to highlight recent advance in clarifying the developmental and genomic basis of integration. I end by highlighting some novel approaches to genomic and epigenetic perturbations that offer promise in further addressing the role of phenotypic integration in evolutionary diversification. In the age of the phenotype, studies that examine the genomic and developmental changes in relationships of traits across environments will shape the next chapter in our quest for understanding the evolution of complex characters.
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Citations
Constraints on the evolution of phenotypic plasticity: limits and costs of phenotype and plasticity
Courtney J. Murren,Josh R. Auld,Hilary S. Callahan,Cameron K. Ghalambor,Corey A. Handelsman,Mary A. Heskel,Joel G. Kingsolver,Heidi J. MacLean,Joanna Masel,Heather Maughan,David W. Pfennig,Rick A. Relyea,Sarah A. Seiter,Emily Snell-Rood,Uli Steiner,Carl D. Schlichting +15 more
TL;DR: It is advocated for the view that relaxed selection and variable selection intensities are likely more important constraints to the evolution of plasticity than the costs of Plasticity, and opportunities to offset costs of phenotypes through ontogeny, amelioration of phenotypic costs across environments, and the condition-dependent hypothesis are examined.
597
Integrated phenotypes: understanding trait covariation in plants and animals
W. Scott Armbruster,W. Scott Armbruster,W. Scott Armbruster,Christophe Pélabon,Geir H. Bolstad,Thomas F. Hansen +5 more
TL;DR: It is suggested that care be invested in relating measurement to underlying theory or hypotheses, and that summative, theory-free descriptors of integration generally be avoided.
Are we ready for back-to-nature crop breeding?
Michael G. Palmgren,Anna Kristina Edenbrandt,Suzanne Elizabeth Vedel,Martin Marchman Andersen,Xavier Landes,Jeppe Thulin Østerberg,Janus Falhof,Lene Irene Olsen,Søren Brøgger Christensen,Peter Sandøe,Christian Gamborg,Klemens Kappel,Bo Jellesmark Thorsen,Peter Pagh +13 more
TL;DR: This work suggests another potentially beneficial and perhaps less controversial strategy that modern plant biotechnology may adopt, which broadens earlier approaches to reverse breeding and aims to furnish crops with lost properties that their ancestors once possessed in order to tolerate adverse environmental conditions.
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