The Impacts of 2D Graphene Oxide on Selective and Substrate Layer of TFC Membrane: A Critical Review on Fabrication Techniques and Performance in Water Treatment

Abstract: ABSTRACT Access to clean water is a basic human right. Membrane‐based filtration processes are less energy‐intensive but have some shortcomings, such as chlorine instability, fouling, and the flux–rejection trade‐off. This work has fabricated higher‐flux, chlorine‐resistant, and divalent‐selective thin‐film composite (TFC) membranes by covalently decorating functionalized SAPO‐34 into the active layer. SAPO‐34 was synthesized, followed by triamine functionalization and characterization using powdered XRD, TEM, SEM–EDX, FTIR and TGA. The functionalized SAPO‐34 was dispersed (different % wt ratios viz. 0.025 and 0.05) into aqueous piperazine solution while fabricating the polyamide layer crosslinked using trimesoyl chloride. The resulted thin‐film composite membranes were thoroughly characterized using ATR‐FTIR, AFM, SEM, EDX, WCA, and Zeta potential. The filtration performance of 0.025 PPSAPO and 0.05 PPSAPO membranes has presented higher permeate flux of 60 and 64 LMH respectively when compared to control PP (33 LMH). In addition, fabricated membranes showed higher rejection (more than 95%) for divalent ions and lower rejection (about 20% at 15 bar) for monovalent ions, demonstrating divalent selectivity. Similarly, the new membranes demonstrated equal or better rejection of pharmaceutical pollutants compared to the control membrane. Furthermore, the membranes have presented excellent chlorine stability (500 ppm, NaOCl) up to 16–32 h compared to 4 h for the control membrane.

TL;DR: Researchers developed CA–PEG–PVC/GO nanocomposite membranes via phase inversion for desalination, achieving 4.15% salt rejection and 300.12 L·m⁻²·h⁻¹ flux, but compromising between permeability and selectivity, highlighting the need for balanced membrane composition.

TL;DR: In this article, a new concept for formation of mixed matrix reverse osmosis membranes by interfacial polymerization of nanocomposite thin films in situ on porous polysulfone supports is reported.

TL;DR: Graphene and graphene oxide have attracted tremendous interest over the past decade due to their unique and excellent electronic, optical, mechanical, and chemical properties as discussed by the authors, and a review focusing on the functional modification of GAs is presented in this paper.

TL;DR: The synthesis of RGO is reported by sonication-assisted oxidation of graphite in a solution of potassium permanganate and concentrated sulfuric acid followed by reduction with ascorbic acid prior to any washing processes to reduce graphene oxide to graphene oxide.

TL;DR: In this paper, a review of different fabrication and modification strategies for various innovative graphene oxide-assisted desalination membranes, including freestanding GO membranes, GO-surface modified membranes and casted GO-incorporated membranes, is presented.