System reliability-based Direct Design Method for space frames with cold–formed steel hollow sections
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TL;DR: In this paper, the Direct Design Method (DDM) is used to determine the ultimate strength of steel structural frames and subsequently incorporating a system resistance factor (ϕs) to account for the effects of uncertainties in geometric parameters, stiffness and strength.
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About: This article is published in Engineering Structures. The article was published on 01 Jul 2018. and is currently open access. The article focuses on the topics: Cold-formed steel & Finite element method.
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Figures
![Table 4: Weights for gravity loads D + L for cold-formed steel structures [34]. 541](/figures/table-4-weights-for-gravity-loads-d-l-for-cold-formed-steel-lv861ruk.png)
Table 4: Weights for gravity loads D + L for cold-formed steel structures [34]. 541 
Table 7: Nominal roof drift ratios and annual reliability indices (roof drift limit state) for 552 selected HSS moment frames. 553 
Fig. 7: Braced Frame 3 subjected to gravity load only, failure mode: BFY 
Table 3: System resistance factors (ϕs) for HSS moment frames under gravity loads. 537 
Fig. 5: Histogram of the ultimate lateral strength factor for moment Frame 3. 
Fig. 6: β-ϕs curve for moment Frame 3 under combined gravity and wind loads, failure mode: BFY-CFY.
![Table 4: Weights for gravity loads D + L for cold-formed steel structures [34]. 541](/figures/table-4-weights-for-gravity-loads-d-l-for-cold-formed-steel-lv861ruk.webp)
Citations
Reliability calibrations for the design of cold-formed steel portal frames by advanced analysis
TL;DR: The system reliability calibrations of this design-by-analysis method, with a particular focus on cold-formed steel portal frames, are concerned, which is consistent with a desired level of system safety.
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Design of cold-formed steel single C-section portal frames
TL;DR: To derive the system resistance (capacity) factor for cold-formed steel portal frames, a system reliability analysis is carried out with statistical parameters for system strength derived from full-scale frame tests and corresponding system strengths predicted by Advanced Analysis.
22
Influence of the imperfection direction on the ultimate response of steel frames in advanced analysis
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors investigated the influence of the direction of the buckling modes contributing to the imperfection on the ultimate load (i.e., resistance) of steel frames when using advanced analysis.
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System-based reliability analysis of stainless steel frames under gravity loads
TL;DR: An extension of the DDM to the analysis of stainless steel structures is presented, in which system reliability calibrations are presented for six stainless steel portal frames under gravity loads covering the three most common stainless steel families and different failure modes using advanced numerical simulations.
20
Design of stainless steel structural systems by GMNIA with strain limits
TL;DR: In this paper , the use of strain limits, defined using the Continuous Strength Method, in place of these cross-section checks has been proposed, which allows for element interaction at the crosssection level, the influence of local moment gradients, the partial spread of plasticity, moment redistribution, strain hardening and visualisation of the structural failure mechanism, resulting in more accurate and consistent resistance predictions.
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References
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Probability Based Load Criteria: Load Factors and Load Combinations
TL;DR: This is the second of two papers that describe a study conducted to develop probability-based load factors and load combinations suitable for use with common construction materials and technologies.
Properties of Steel for Use in LRFD
TL;DR: In this paper, the mean values and coefficients of variation of material properties from available experiments for use in first-order probability-based design were selected for structural steel, including elastic moduli, yield stress, strain-hardening modulus.
230
Inelastic limit states design. part i: planar frame studies
TL;DR: In this paper, a study of the inplane behavior of a series of low-rise frames is presented that rely on a second-order inelastic analysis to demonstrate that the frame and its members are adequate in resisting the effects of factored loads.
107
LRFD: implementing structural reliability in professional practice
TL;DR: Load and resistance factor design (LRFD) as mentioned in this paper is the first approach in the United States to implement a rational probabilistic approach to manage uncertainties in the building process in a structural code.
107