Simulated microgravity increases polyploid giant cancer cells and nuclear localization of YAP.
TL;DR: The role of simulation of microgravity (SMG) using rotary cell culture system (RCCS) in increasing stemness in human colorectal cancer cell HCT116 is described and distinct features of cancer stem cells including CD133/CD44 dual positive cells and migration are observed in SMG which was not altered by autophagy induction or inhibition.
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Abstract: Physical cues are vital in determining cellular fate in cancer. In vitro 3D culture do not replicate forces present in vivo. These forces including tumor interstitial fluid pressure and matrix stiffness behave as switches in differentiation and metastasis, which are intricate features of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Gravity determines the effect of these physical factors on cell fate and functions as evident from microgravity experiments on space and ground simulations. Here, we described the role of simulation of microgravity (SMG) using rotary cell culture system (RCCS) in increasing stemness in human colorectal cancer cell HCT116. We observed distinct features of cancer stem cells including CD133/CD44 dual positive cells and migration in SMG which was not altered by autophagy induction or inhibition. 3D and SMG increased autophagy, but the flux was staggered under SMG. Increased unique giant cancer cells housing complete nuclear localization of YAP were observed in SMG. This study highlights the role of microgravity in regulating stemness in CSC and importance of physical factors in determining the same.
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The "life code": A theory that unifies the human life cycle and the origin of human tumors.
TL;DR: The increase in ploidy explains not only normal embryogenesis for well-differentiated tumors but also “somatic embryogenesis” for undifferentiated tumors, and the concept of the ‘life code’ may provide a simple theoretical framework to guide the immense efforts to understand cancer and fight this disease.
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