School snacks decrease morbidity in Kenyan schoolchildren: a cluster randomized, controlled feeding intervention trial.
TL;DR: The intervention study showed beneficial effects of both animal-source foods and of vitamin A-fortified oil on morbidity status and for nearly all morbidity outcomes the Control group had the highest PMO and the least decline over time.
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Abstract: Objective To examine the effects of three different school snacks on morbidity outcomes. Design Twelve schools were randomized to either one of three feeding groups or a Control group. There were three schools per group in this cluster randomized trial. Children in feeding group schools received school snacks of a local plant-based dish, githeri, with meat, milk or extra oil added. The oil used was later found to be fortified with retinol. Physical status, food intake and morbidity outcomes were assessed longitudinally over two years. Setting Rural Embu District, Kenya, an area with high prevalence of vitamin A deficiency. Subjects Standard 1 schoolchildren (n 902; analytic sample) enrolled in two cohorts from the same schools one year apart. Results The Meat and Plain Githeri (i.e. githeri+oil) groups showed the greatest declines in the probability of a morbidity outcome (PMO) for total and severe illnesses, malaria, poor appetite, reduced activity, fever and chills. The Meat group showed significantly greater declines in PMO for gastroenteritis (mainly diarrhoea) and typhoid compared with the Control group, for jaundice compared with the Plain Githeri group, and for skin infection compared with the Milk group. The Milk group showed the greatest decline in PMO for upper respiratory infection. For nearly all morbidity outcomes the Control group had the highest PMO and the least decline over time. Conclusions The intervention study showed beneficial effects of both animal source foods and of vitamin A-fortified oil on morbidity status.
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Assessment of snack acceptance during a school feeding intervention in rural Kenya.
C. A. Gewa,Suzanne P. Murphy,Nimrod O. Bwibo,Neumann Cg +3 more
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TL;DR: Involving the Embu community members in sharing their views during snack development stages snack preparation and snack delivery; and the use of locally available ingredients helped ensure high levels of snack acceptance through out the study period.
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TL;DR: Clinical assessment traditionally includes medical history, physical examination, and symptom/sign recording. It is most useful during advanced nutritional depletion and includes assessment of physiological and cognitive function in hospitalized and elderly populations.
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TL;DR: Zinc supplementation was effective in decreasing oxidative stress and generation of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1β in elderly individuals and patients with SCD and decreasing incidences of respiratory tract infections in children.