A modular mode of growth in an organism is frequently coupled to the development of a branched structure. Such modular forms may appear to be constructed in a regular manner, exhibiting a high degree of organization, or may be bewilderingly complex and yet not haphazard. These factors, together with the very nature of systems dependent upon the progressive addition of modules, readily promote attempts to model branching processes by means of some sort of constructional simulation. Such models tend to favour visual, graphic presentation. This paper considers aspects of modularity and branching and the different approaches to the modelling of branching organisms, and gives a range of examples. Attention is directed towards the aims of the models and to their different characteristics rather than to a description of the computorial methodology involved. Attempts to simulate branching systems highlight the constructional similarities and differences between various modular organisms, but one key factor is identified for both real and artificial branching patterns: it is the nature of the control of new branch initiation that governs their constructional development.

The simulation of branching patterns in modular organisms

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An introduction to probability theory and its applications

Patterns of species abundance and diversity

Tropical Trees and Forests

1 Introduction.- A. What is a Tree?.- I. Definitions.- II. Tree Making.- III. Apical Meristems and Tree Construction.- 1. Trees Built by One Meristem.- 2. Trees with Modular Construction.- 3. Trees with Trunk-Branch Differentiation.- 4. Trees with Changes in Orientation of Axes.- B. The Botanical World of the Tropics.- I. Distribution and Size of Flowering Plant Families.- II. Tropical Floras as Tree Floras.- III. Floristic Richness in Limited Areas.- IV. Geographic Locations.- V. Climate and Tree Growth in the Tropics.- 2 Elements of Tree Architecture.- A. The Initiation of the Tree.- I. Seedling Morphology.- II. Juvenility and Phases of Development.- B. Apical Meristems and Buds.- I. Terminal Buds.- II. Bud Composition.- III. Lateral Buds.- IV. Secondary Bud Complexes.- C. Extension Growth in Tropical Trees.- I. Introductory Remarks.- II. Rhythmic Growth.- 1. Rhythmic Growth in Hevea.- 2. Preformation and Neoformation.- 3. Further Examples of Rhythmic Growth.- III. Continuous Growth.- 1. Palms.- 2. A Dicotyledon.- D. Phyllotaxis and Shoot Symmetry.- I. Primary Orientation.- II. Secondary Orientation.- E. Branching: Dynamics.- I. Branch Order Terminology.- II. Syllepsis and Prolepsis.- 1. Definitions and Descriptions.- 2. Historical Usage of the Terms.- 3. Apical Dominance.- III. Continuous and Diffuse (Intermittent) Branching.- F. Branch Polymorphism: Long Shoots.- I. Orthotropy and Plagiotropy.- 1. Strict Orthotropy of Trunk Axes.- 2. Orthotropic Branches.- 3. Plagiotropic Branches (Reversible).- 4. Plagiotropic Branches (Nonreversible).- 5. Phyllomorphic Branches.- II. Branch Complexes and Sympodial Growth.- III. Plagiotropy and Syllepsis.- IV. Plagiotropy in Monocotyledons.- G. Branch Polymorphism: Short Shoots.- I. In Dicotyledons.- II. In Monocotyledons.- H. Abscission.- I. Inflorescence.- I. Flowering and Shoot Construction.- II. Continuous Flowering.- III. Cauliflory.- IV. Floral Phenology.- J. Radial Growth: Conifers and Dicotyledons.- I. Growth Rings.- II. Growth Rings in Tropical Trees.- III. Cambial Activity in Tropical Trees.- K. Radial Growth: Some Variations.- I. Trees Without Secondary Growth.- 1. The Palm-Habit.- 2. Bamboos.- 3. Tree Ferns.- II. Arborescent Monocotyledons with Secondary Growth.- III. Cycads.- L. Root Systems in Tropical Trees.- 3 Inherited Tree Architecture.- A. The Concept of Architecture and Architectural Tree Models.- I. The Architectural Continuum.- II. Recognition and Study of the Architectural Models.- III. Nomenclature.- IV. Recapitulation of Growth Criteria Used in Recognizing Models.- V. Size and Architectural Proportions - Corner's Rules.- B. Illustrated Key to the Architectural Models of Tropical Trees.- C. Descriptions of Architectural Tree Models.- I. Illustrations of the Models - a Note of Explanation.- II. Monoaxial and Polyaxial Trees.- III. Plan of the Descriptive Arrangement.- IV. Monoaxial Trees.- Holttum's Model.- Corner's Model.- V. Polyaxial Trees.- 1. Vegetative Axes all Equivalent and Orthotropic.- Tomlinson's Model.- Schoute's Model.- Chamberlain's Model.- McClure's Model.- 2. Vegetative Axes Differentiated into Trunk and Branch.- Leeuwenberg's Model.- Koriba's Model.- PrEvost's Model.- Fagerlind's Model.- Petit's Model.- Nozeran's Model.- Aubreville's Model.- Massart's Model.- Roux's Model.- Cook's Model.- Scarrone's Model.- Stone's Model.- Rauh's Model.- Attims' Model.- 3. Trees with Mixed Axes - an Introduction.- Mangenot's Model.- Champagnat's Model.- Troll's Model.- D. Architecture of Lianes.- I. Lianes with an Architecture Conforming Closely to That of Tree Models.- II. Lianes with an Architecture Not Conforming to That of Known Tree Models.- E. Architecture of Herbs: Miniaturization in Relation to Tree Models.- 1. Miniaturization of Models.- 2. Origin of New Models.- F. Architecture of Fossil Trees.- 4 Opportunistic Tree Architecture.- A. Reiteration.- I. Reiteration as a Morphological Phenomenon.- II. The Organ Complexes Built by Reiteration.- 1. The Tree in the Forest.- 2. The Free-Standing Tree.- B. Energetics.- I. Trees in Their Environment.- 1. Energy Exchange.- 2. Energetic Efficiency.- 3. Energetic Economy in Whole Architecture.- 4. Spatial Disposition of Surface in Tree Crowns.- 5. Height-Diameter Relationship in Trees.- 6. Flexibility and Rigidity in Volume-Surface Integration.- II. Energy Exchange and Production.- III. Size and Architectural Proportions.- IV. Vigor and Death in Forest Trees.- V. Ecological Strategies of Trees.- C. Growth Potential of Forest Trees.- I. Trees of the Future.- II. Trees of the Present.- III. Trees of the Past.- IV. The Morphological Inversion Point.- V. Gymnosperms and Forests.- D. A Note on Floristics.- 5 Forests and Vegetation.- A. The Architecture of Forest Plots.- I. The Layered Forest.- II. The Architecture of Homeostatic Forest Plots.- 1. The Set of the Present.- 2. The Set of the Future.- 3. The Set of the Past.- 4. The Infrastructural Set: Meristems.- 5. Geometry of Homeostatic Forests with Their Vertical Gradients.- III. Examples of Forest Plots.- 1. A Forest at Montagne La Fumee, Saul, French Guiana.- 2. A Forest at Trois Sauts, Oyapock River, French Guiana.- 3. A Forest at Tom Swamp, Harvard Forest, Massachusetts.- IV. Morphological and Ecological Inversion Surfaces.- V. Variations in Homeostatic Architecture.- 1. Forest Imbrication on Slopes.- 2. Intertwining of Structural Ensembles.- 3. The Riverside Effect in Whole Canopies.- 4. Architecture of Forests with Strangling Figs 365 B. Sylvigenesis.- I. Disturbances of Existing, Functioning Forests.- II. The Chablis.- III. Homeostasis in the Forest.- IV. Sylvigenetic Cycles and Phases.- V. Tree Ecotopes.- VI. Biological Nomads and Towering Trees.- Concluding Remarks.- References.- Index of Plant Names and Their Models.

Tropical trees and forests: An architectural analysis

Ecology is currently published by The Ecological Society of America. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/about/terms.html. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/journals/esa.html. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is an independent not-for-profit organization dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of scholarly journals. For more information regarding JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. http://www.jstor.org/ Thu Feb 2 13:29:01 2006

http://www3.botany.ubc.ca/vellend/COM_ECOL/connor%20and%20simberloff_12-nov.pdf

The Assembly of Species Communities: Chance or Competition?

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