Journal Article10.1007/S11431-019-1443-1
Recent progress in 4D printing of stimuli-responsive polymeric materials
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TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the 4D printing methods and actuating performances of different materials based on shape memory polymers, hydrogels, liquid crystal elastomers, and electroactive polymers is presented.
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Abstract: 4D printing is proposed based on the additive manufacturing of stimuli-responsive materials and structures, which can realize shape changing upon external stimuli. This article reviews the 4D printing methods and actuating performances of 4D printing structures based on shape memory polymers, hydrogels, liquid crystal elastomers, and electroactive polymers. This article shows that the shape morphing properties of single materials are limited, while 4D printing of composites can integrate the various driving modes of different smart materials. In the end, challenges facing 4D printing such as broadening the scope of smart materials, improving printing processes, the compatibility of printing different materials have been discussed.
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4D Printing of Polymeric Materials: Techniques, Materials, and Prospects
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Significant roles of 4D printing using smart materials in the field of manufacturing
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4D Printing of Multi-Stimuli Responsive Protein-Based Hydrogels for Autonomous Shape Transformations
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Sean V. Murphy,Anthony Atala +1 more
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Biomimetic 4D printing
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TL;DR: In this article, a plant-inspired shape morphing system is presented, where a composite hydrogel architecture is encoded with localized, anisotropic swelling behavior controlled by the alignment of cellulose fibrils along prescribed four-dimensional printing pathways.
Programmable and adaptive mechanics with liquid crystal polymer networks and elastomers
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TL;DR: The historical development of liquid crystalline polymeric materials is detailed, with emphasis on the thermally and photogenerated macroscale mechanical responses--such as bending, twisting and buckling--and on local-feature development (primarily related to topographical control).
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