Quantum optical waveform conversion
TL;DR: It is shown that nonlinear mixing of a quantum light pulse with a spectrally tailored classical field can compress the quantum pulse by more than a factor of 100 and flexibly reshape its temporal waveform while preserving all quantum properties, including entanglement.
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Abstract: Proposals for long-distance quantum communication rely on the entanglement of matter-based quantum nodes through optical communications channels, but the entangling light pulses have poor temporal behavior in current experiments. Here we show that nonlinear mixing of a quantum light pulse with a spectrally tailored classical field can compress the quantum pulse by more than a factor of 100 and flexibly reshape its temporal waveform while preserving all quantum properties, including entanglement. Our scheme paves the way for quantum communication at the full data rate of optical telecommunications.
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Figures
FIG. 2: a) Escort phase modulation function φ(z) for conversion from a single-sided exponential waveform to a Gaussian waveform with compression ratio τ/σ = 100. b) Visualisation of the spectral chirp dφ(z)/dz imposed on the initial waveform by 3WM. Height indicates waveform amplitude, colour indicates local frequency after escort phase imprinting. The hue of the colour is proportional to dφ(z)/dz as calculated from Eq. (4). 
FIG. 1: Schematic of the quantum optical waveform converter. A nonclassical light input (originating, e.g., from a quantum emitter in a high-finesse optical resonator) is combined with a highly chirped classical pulse. The combined fields undergo three-wave mixing (3WM) in a nonlinear crystal, transferring the spectral modulation of the classical pulse onto the 3WM output. The output is separated from the original fields and passed through a pulse shaper to remove the residual phase, producing a pulse in the target mode that inherits the quantum state of the input mode. The colours under the pulse envelope represent the frequency variation during the pulse length, with the variation of colours greatly exaggerated for clarity. 
FIG. 3: Error induced by quantum waveform conversion from a single-sided exponential pulse of time constant τ and rise time 0.02τ to a Gaussian pulse of 1/e2 time constant σ. Errors are less than 10−3 for readily achievable experimental parameters (see text). a) Error at compression ratio τ/σ = 100 as a function of dimensionless group-velocity mismatch u for conversion of 370 nm photons to 1550 nm in lithium niobate. Solid line: perturbative prediction. Points: simulation results. Dashed line: Best fit of 1− F = (u/uerr)2 to simulation points. b) Error scale uerr as a function of compression ratio τ/σ. Solid line: perturbative prediction. Points: simulated values computed from least-squares fits to simulation results. As expected, the simulation results match well to the perturbative theory. c), d) are the same as a), b), but for conversion of 780 nm photons to 1550 nm in type-II matched lithium niobate, near the special point v = −ve at which the escort phase term in Eq. (6) vanishes. Errors are even lower than for conversion of 370 nm photons, but at compression ratio above 10 the perturbation theory breaks down and higher-order GVM dominates the error.
Citations
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