Preferential Growth of Force Network in Granular Media
TL;DR: In this article, the authors study the evolution of contact forces in granular materials as a preferential growth process whereby the incremental change in forces is proportional to their current values and conclude that the preferential growth mechanism reveals the commonality between the force network and other self-organized complex systems with dynamic interaction networks.
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Abstract: The paper studies the evolution of contact forces in granular materials as a preferential growth process whereby the incremental change in forces is proportional to their current values. Preferential growth of forces is depicted herein as a positive feedback process that enhances the heterogeneity in granular media over the course of loading. As an initial step, 2D discrete element simulations are performed to verify the hypothesis in the simpler case of hydrostatic loading, with an extension to deviatoric loading thereafter suggested. Not being predicated upon particularities of any mechanical model, the preferential growth mechanism reveals the commonality between the force network and other self-organized complex systems with dynamic interaction networks. The paper concludes with potential mechanical consequences such a dependency between current state and the incremental change entails.
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Figure 3: Accuracy of Eq. 5 (1-to-1 line) verified for all the contacts as the hydrostatic pressure p is increased from p0 = 0.01 to a final value of p0 = 1 kN/m. The inset graph shows the linear increase in magnitude of five selected contacts, as the hydrostatic pressure increases. The red square symbols represent the average variation of scattered results. 
Figure 4: Incremental change in the x component (top) and y component(bottom) of all the contact forces, versus their current value, f cx and f c y , scaled with a associated stress changes. The 1-to-1 line represents the prediction by Eq. 6. The red square symbols represent the average variation of scattered results. ![Figure 1: (Top) Network of interparticle forces in granular materials in a photoelastic experiment, adopted from [12], (Bottom) Mycorrhizal network of plants roots (Copyright of Odair Alberton, Universidade Paranaense, Brazil. Used with permission).](/figures/figure-1-top-network-of-interparticle-forces-in-granular-25h94qjy.png)
Figure 1: (Top) Network of interparticle forces in granular materials in a photoelastic experiment, adopted from [12], (Bottom) Mycorrhizal network of plants roots (Copyright of Odair Alberton, Universidade Paranaense, Brazil. Used with permission). 
Figure 2: Incremental change in the magnitude of all the contact forces, df c, versus the magnitude of the contact force, f c, scaled with a factor of dp/p. All the values are measured at p = 0.2 kN/m for an increment in hydrostatic stress of dp = 0.01 kN/m. The 1-to-1 line represents the prediction by Eq. 4. The red square symbols represent the average variation of scattered results.
![Figure 1: (Top) Network of interparticle forces in granular materials in a photoelastic experiment, adopted from [12], (Bottom) Mycorrhizal network of plants roots (Copyright of Odair Alberton, Universidade Paranaense, Brazil. Used with permission).](/figures/figure-1-top-network-of-interparticle-forces-in-granular-25h94qjy.webp)
Citations
A coupled CFD-DEM investigation of suffusion of gap graded soil: Coupling effect of confining pressure and fines content
TL;DR: In this article, a key laboratory of Offshore Geotechnics and Material of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China 2 College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zheijiang University, Zheng, China 3 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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A hybrid calibration approach to Hertz‐type contact parameters for discrete element models
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Un-jamming due to energetic instability: statics to dynamics
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Fluid–solid coupled model for the internal erosion of gap‐graded soil–rock mixtures with different fines contents: Its verification and application
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