Journal Article10.1136/VR.161.16.564
Potential new Culicoides vector of bluetongue virus in northern Europe
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TL;DR: In 2006, bluetongue took a significant "leap" northwards, appearing unexpectedly in northern Europe and affecting parts of the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany and northern France as discussed by the authors.
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Abstract: have swept across the Mediterranean Basin and affected 15 countries, many of which had never experienced the disease previously (Purse and others 2005). In August 2006, following an unprec-edented warm summer, bluetongue took a significant ‘leap’ northwards, appearing unexpectedly in northern Europe and affecting parts of the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany and northern France. To date, the disease has spread across approximately 100,000 km
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Citations
Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) on a request from the Commission on porcine brucellosis (Brucella suis)
Bo Algers,Harry J. Blokhuis,Anette Bøtner,Donald M. Broom,Patrizia Costa,Mariano Domingo,Mathias Greiner,Jörg Hartung,Frank Koenen,Christine Müller-Graf,Raj Mohan,David B. Morton,Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus,Dirk U. Pfeiffer,Ronald J. Roberts,Moez Sanaa,Mo Salman,James Michael Sharp,P. Vannier,Martin Wierup +19 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a systematic literature review of B. suis infection in domestic pigs, which shows that indirect ELISA and competitive Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA) tests are suitable candidates for use in pigs because of their high Se and Sp.
252
Detection of Schmallenberg virus in different Culicoides spp. by real-time RT-PCR.
N. De Regge,Isra Deblauwe,R. De Deken,P. Vantieghem,Maxime Madder,Maxime Madder,Dirk Geysen,François Smeets,Bertrand Losson,T. van den Berg,A. B. Cay +10 more
TL;DR: To identify possible vectors of Schmallenberg virus (SBV), pools containing heads of biting midges (Culicoides) that were caught during the summer and early autumn of 2011 at several places in Belgium by real-time RT-PCR were tested.
Bluetongue: history, global epidemiology, and pathogenesis.
TL;DR: Bluetongue disease results from vascular injury, likely through a process analogous to that of human hemorrhagic viral fevers in which production of vasoactive mediators from virus-infected macrophages and dendritic cells results in enhanced endothelial paracellular permeability with subsequent vascular leakage and hypovolemic shock.
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Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Animal Health and Welfare
Bo Algers,Harry J. Blokhuis,Anette Bøtner,Donald M. Broom,Patrizia Costa,Matthias Greiner,Jörg Hartung,Frank Koenen,Christine Müller-Graf,Raj Mohan,David B. Morton,Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus,Dirk U. Pfeiffer,Ronald J. Roberts,Moez Sanaa,Mo Salman,J. Michael Sharp,Philippe Vannier,Martin Wierup +18 more
- 01 Jan 2009
TL;DR: There is currently no requirement for monitoring and surveillance of B. suis in domestic pigs or in wild life and therefore a lack of systematic epidemiologic data on porcine brucellosis in most MS, and available evidence suggests that currently the wild boar seems to remain the main source of infection for domestic pigs.
202
Modelling the effects of past and future climate on the risk of bluetongue emergence in Europe
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that a climate-driven model explains, in both space and time, many aspects of BT's recent emergence and spread, including the 2006 BT outbreak in northwest Europe which occurred in the year of highest projected risk since at least 1960.
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References
Climate change and the recent emergence of bluetongue in Europe.
TL;DR: This work suggests that this spread has been driven by recent changes in European climate that have allowed increased virus persistence during winter, the northward expansion of Culicoides imicola, the main bluetongue virus vector, and, beyond this vector's range, transmission by indigenous European Culicoide species — thereby expanding the risk of transmission over larger geographical regions.
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Erratum: Climate change and the recent emergence of bluetongue in Europe
TL;DR: In subsequent years up to 2004, BTV-9 spread northward (into western regions of Turkey, Bulgaria, Kosovo, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the former Yugoslav republic of Macedonia, Serbia and Montenegro, and Croatia) and westward and into mainland Greece, Italy, Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica.
The pathogenesis and immunology of bluetongue virus infection of ruminants
TL;DR: The pathogenesis of BLU virus infection of cattle and sheep is remarkably similar, thus the basis for expression of disease in sheep but not cattle remains to be firmly established and some difference in susceptibility of endothelial cells to infection in the two species is one potential explanation.
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•Journal Article
Culicoides and the global epidemiology of bluetongue virus infection.
TL;DR: The ability to predict and/or mitigate BTV in different episystems will remain problematic and require a substantial investment in new research paradigms that investigate details of underlying controlling mechanisms in several species of Culicoides.
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Oral susceptibility to bluetongue virus of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from the United Kingdom
TL;DR: Oral susceptibility to infection with bluetongue virus serotype 9 was characterized in three Palaearctic species of Culicoides in three geographic regions of the United Kingdom with virus infection rates varying from 0.4 to 7.4% of those tested.
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