Book Chapter10.1017/CHOL9780521077910.014
PERSIA, c . 2400–1800 B.C.
Walther Hinz
- 01 Oct 1971
- pp 644-680
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TL;DR: Only very few fragments of Akkadian inscriptions on rock reliefs survive from the non-Elamite part of south-west Iran as discussed by the authors, and they are partly in Akkadi, and partly in Elamite, and to an overwhelming degree come from the age-old capital of Elam, Susa.
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Abstract: THE ELAMITE KINGS OF AWAN The history of Persia before the migration of the Medes and the Persians in about 1000 b.c. is almost entirely limited to the history of Elam. This is because Elam, south-west Iran, alone has left behind any documents worthy of mention from the pre-Persian era. Only very few remnants of Akkadian inscriptions on rock reliefs survive from the non-Elamite part of south-west Iran. From the remainder of Persia there is silence until the coming of Zoroaster, the great prophet of eastern Iran (probable dates, 630–533 b.c. ). Compared with the long duration of the Elamite Kingdom, the actual number of documents surviving is indeed pitifully few. They are partly in Akkadian, and partly in Elamite, and to an overwhelming degree come from the age-old capital of Elam, Susa, which has been under excavation by a French archaeological mission ever since 1897. A further difficulty is that Elamite, being related to no other known language, is still insufficiently understood. The ethnological definition of the Elamites also causes great difficulties. The most reasonable assumption is that which holds the Elamites to be the Proto-Lurs, whose language became Iranian only in the Middle Ages. The Elamites wrote the name of their country in cuneiform as Haltamti or Hatamti , which they probably pronounced altamt . This word may mean ‘God's Land’, if it is composed of hal ‘land’ and tamt [ tampt ] ‘(gracious) Lord’. For the Sumerian and Akkadian neighbours, Elam (written with the Sumerian sign ( NIM ) was connected with the idea of ‘highland’–and rightly so, because although its frontiers fluctuated with the course of centuries, they always included not only the low plain of Susiana (with the river network of the Karkhah, the Āb-i Diz, and the Kārūn), but also the mountains and plateaux to the north and east of Susiana.
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Citations
Reflections on the mercenary option
TL;DR: A clear evaluation of mercenary performance requires avoiding a priori presumptions that automatically relegate all employment of mercenaries to the status of a second best option as discussed by the authors, which is not the case.
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Elamites’ Fear of the Underworld Judgment According to Elamite Texts
Maryam Dara
- 01 Jan 2020
TL;DR: In this article, the Elamites feared Insusinak's judgment in the underworld and placed him in the position of judge of the underworld, thus placing them in fear of his judgment.
Elamtu: elam adi ve elam topraklari çerçevesi̇nde modern güneybati i̇ran’in coğrafi̇ ki̇mli̇ği̇
TL;DR: Güneybatı İran, Zagros Dağları ve Huzistan Ovası başta olmak üzere yüksek dağlar ile geniş ovaların bir arada bulunduğu, Karun ve Kerhe gibi nehirlerin yanı sıra Bahtıgan ve Meharlu gibi göllerin yer aldığı, yeryüzü şekilleri ve doğal kaynaklar bakımından zengin bir coğrafyadır. as mentioned in this paper
Achaemenid Empire, Tribal Confederations of Southwestern Persia and Seven Families
TL;DR: Abdi et al. as mentioned in this paper show that the region between modern Bāsht and Ardakān called the Fahliyān region or Shulestān was the territory of the Patischorian tribe.
References
Tablets from Chagar Bazar and Tall Brak, 1937-38
C. J. Gadd
- 01 Jan 1940
Abstract: The following pages have been written in continuation (and necessarily, to some extent, in correction) of the former specimen publication in Iraq, IV. 178 ff. They comprise the whole of the written tablets and fragments found at the above places, in circumstances to be described by the excavator, Mr. Mallowan. The date and character of the tablets from Chagar Bazar (i.e. nearly the whole of the material, for those found at Tall Brak are almost insignificant) are so homogeneous that it seemed a mere waste of labour and of space to print complete copies of them; the great bulk of the material belongs to the self-same year and consists very largely of mere lists of allowances and names. Indeed, it can hardly be said with truth that the information conveyed as a whole, despite many details of undoubted interest, is quite in proportion with the pains bestowed upon its extraction. It is hoped, therefore, that everything essential will be obtained by the method of a catalogue, supplemented by full lists of names, places, and words, an introduction summarizing the results, and specimen copies of twelve tablets representing the various kinds of document. Such is the scheme of these pages.
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