(2004). Permeable Pavement Update. Journal of the American Planning Association: Vol. 70, No. 1, pp. 98-98.

BACKGROUND: This paper assesses the functioning of the next generation of permeable pavement systems. The overall concept is to combine traditional permeable pavement systems with ground source heat pump systems. Long-term research to provide data concerning nutrient reductions and microbial activity within experimental pavement rigs is required. 
 
 
 
RESULTS: The variability of temperature allowed for the survival of pathogenic organisms within the sub-base of permeable pavement systems. Counts of microbes and nutrient concentrations have been determined by direct observation (plate count tests) and chemical analysis, respectively. An analysis using numerical methods indicated 99% and 95% biochemical oxygen demand and ammonia-nitrogen removal, respectively. Supplementary carbon dioxide monitoring indicated relatively high microbial activity on geotextiles and within the lower parts of the sub-base. Low oxygen concentrations were measured in the space around the geotextile, where carbon dioxide concentrations reached 2000 ppm. 
 
 
 
CONCLUSIONS: The research enables decision-makers for the first time to assess public health risks, treatment requirements and efficiencies, and the potential for runoff recycling. The great system stability of the innovation and minor water quality data variability between individual experimental pavement systems provide good evidence for the controlled engineered application of this novel sustainable technology. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry

Combined permeable pavement and ground source heat pump systems

Permeable pavement systems (PPS) are frequently associated with high removal efficiencies for water quality parameters. Their effluent can, therefore, be recycled, for example, for sprinkling onto gardens. Nevertheless, some stakeholders fear that potentially pathogenic organisms within the treated run-off could be too high, and therefore they request disinfection before recycling. The aim of this paper is, therefore, to assess the efficiency of a batch flow combined titanium dioxide (TiO2) and ultraviolet (UV) light photocatalytic reactor in removing water-borne microbial contaminants from the effluent of PPS. Combined TiO2 and UV photocatalytic reaction times between 80 and 100 min were required for the complete removal of Escherichia coli, total coliforms and faecal Streptococci, which had mean initial counts of 1.5 × 107, 4.4 × 106 and 6.9 × 105 colony-forming units (CFU) per 100 mL, respectively. In comparison, UV disinfection alone resulted in insignificant microbial removal. Suspended TiO2 powder was more effective than small immobilised TiO2 crystals.

Combined permeable pavement and photocatalytic titanium dioxide oxidation system for urban run-off treatment and disinfection

: Natural runoff processes have been altered by urban development; impervious surfaces (rooftops, highways, parking areas) and their associated storm water systems channel runoff from a vast area into one concentrated outflow. This storm water runoff can cause erosion, flooding, landslides, and significant damage to aquatic ecosystems. Runoff from highways and parking areas has also been known to contain high levels of suspended solids, heavy metals and hydrocarbons. Porous pavements allow infiltration of water through typically impervious surfaces, reducing storm water volumes and acting as a pollutant filtration system. Since there is currently no methodology for Air Force decision-makers to compare conventional and porous pavements, a model was created using Value-Focused Thinking (VFT) to evaluate different paving options. Four porous paving alternatives were compared against two conventional paving alternatives at three separate geographic locations. These alternatives were scored using a total of 12 evaluation measures that were identified as important to the pavement selection process. Structural turf was found to be the best option for northern tier locations, while conventional asphalt was the best choice for central and southern areas. VFT was also shown to be an effective methodology for comparing conventional and porous paving alternatives, objectively weighing economic costs against environmental considerations.

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Using Value-Focused Thinking to Evaluate the Practicality of Porous Pavement Parking Areas on Air Force Installations

Permeable Pavement Update

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Combined permeable pavement and ground source heat pump systems

Combined permeable pavement and photocatalytic titanium dioxide oxidation system for urban run-off treatment and disinfection

Using Value-Focused Thinking to Evaluate the Practicality of Porous Pavement Parking Areas on Air Force Installations

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