Peripheral Chemoreceptors: Function and Plasticity of the Carotid Body
Prem Kumar,Nanduri R. Prabhakar +1 more
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TL;DR: The goal of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of current concepts on sensory transduction and transmission of the hypoxic stimulus at the carotid body with an emphasis on integrating cellular mechanisms with the whole organ responses and highlighting the gaps or discrepancies in knowledge.
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Abstract: The discovery of the sensory nature of the carotid body dates back to the beginning of the 20th century. Following these seminal discoveries, research into carotid body mechanisms moved forward progressively through the 20th century, with many descriptions of the ultrastructure of the organ and stimulus-response measurements at the level of the whole organ. The later part of 20th century witnessed the first descriptions of the cellular responses and electrophysiology of isolated and cultured type I and type II cells, and there now exist a number of testable hypotheses of chemotransduction. The goal of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of current concepts on sensory transduction and transmission of the hypoxic stimulus at the carotid body with an emphasis on integrating cellular mechanisms with the whole organ responses and highlighting the gaps or discrepancies in our knowledge. It is increasingly evident that in addition to hypoxia, the carotid body responds to a wide variety of blood-borne stimuli, including reduced glucose and immune-related cytokines and we therefore also consider the evidence for a polymodal function of the carotid body and its implications. It is clear that the sensory function of the carotid body exhibits considerable plasticity in response to the chronic perturbations in environmental O2 that is associated with many physiological and pathological conditions. The mechanisms and consequences of carotid body plasticity in health and disease are discussed in the final sections of this article.
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Citations
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Functional Oxygen Sensitivity of Astrocytes
Plamena R. Angelova,Vitaliy Kasymov,Isabel N. Christie,Shahriar SheikhBahaei,Egor A. Turovsky,Nephtali Marina,Alla Korsak,Jennifer D. Zwicker,Anja G. Teschemacher,Gareth L. Ackland,Gregory D. Funk,Sergey Kasparov,Andrey Y. Abramov,Alexander V. Gourine +13 more
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References
A standing Na+ conductance in rat carotid body type I cells.
E. Carpenter,Chris Peers +1 more
TL;DR: The results suggest that Na+ influx provides a constant depolarising influence on type I cells which acts to shift membrane potential beyond that required for initiation of neurosecretion, an essential step in carotid body chemotransduction.
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Hypoxia affects differently the intracellular pH of clustered and isolated glomus cells of the rat carotid body
L. Pang,Carlos Eyzaguirre +1 more
TL;DR: Observed changes in the resting potential (delta EM) were directly and significantly correlated with delta EH, thus delta pHi, and support the view that clustered and isolated rat glomus cells behave differently.
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Comparison of the Size of the Vascular Compartment of the Carotid Body of the Fetal, Neonatal and Adult Cat
TL;DR: There were no apparent quantifiable morphological features of the carotid body and its vasculature which would account for the resetting of the hypoxic sensitivity of the organ from the fetal to the adult range within a few days of birth.
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Does chronic hypoxia increase rat carotid body nitric oxide
TL;DR: It was concluded that NO release increased during chronic hypoxia and causes an inhibitory effect on carotid chemosensory discharge of the ratCarotid body.
25
Effects of metabolic inhibitors and hypoxia on the ATP, ADP and AMP content of the rabbit carotid body in vitro: the metabolic hypothesis in question.
TL;DR: The effects of metabolic inhibitors (cyanide, antimycin) and hypoxia on the nucleotide content of the carotid body were investigated in vitro and the significance of these results is discussed with regard to the metabolic hypothesis.
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