Peripheral Chemoreceptors: Function and Plasticity of the Carotid Body
Prem Kumar,Nanduri R. Prabhakar +1 more
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TL;DR: The goal of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of current concepts on sensory transduction and transmission of the hypoxic stimulus at the carotid body with an emphasis on integrating cellular mechanisms with the whole organ responses and highlighting the gaps or discrepancies in knowledge.
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Abstract: The discovery of the sensory nature of the carotid body dates back to the beginning of the 20th century. Following these seminal discoveries, research into carotid body mechanisms moved forward progressively through the 20th century, with many descriptions of the ultrastructure of the organ and stimulus-response measurements at the level of the whole organ. The later part of 20th century witnessed the first descriptions of the cellular responses and electrophysiology of isolated and cultured type I and type II cells, and there now exist a number of testable hypotheses of chemotransduction. The goal of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of current concepts on sensory transduction and transmission of the hypoxic stimulus at the carotid body with an emphasis on integrating cellular mechanisms with the whole organ responses and highlighting the gaps or discrepancies in our knowledge. It is increasingly evident that in addition to hypoxia, the carotid body responds to a wide variety of blood-borne stimuli, including reduced glucose and immune-related cytokines and we therefore also consider the evidence for a polymodal function of the carotid body and its implications. It is clear that the sensory function of the carotid body exhibits considerable plasticity in response to the chronic perturbations in environmental O2 that is associated with many physiological and pathological conditions. The mechanisms and consequences of carotid body plasticity in health and disease are discussed in the final sections of this article.
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Citations
Adaptive and Maladaptive Cardiorespiratory Responses to Continuous and Intermittent Hypoxia Mediated by Hypoxia-Inducible Factors 1 and 2
TL;DR: This review focuses on the mechanisms of HIF activation and their roles in physiological and pathophysiological responses to hypoxia, with an emphasis on the cardiorespiratory systems.
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Functional Oxygen Sensitivity of Astrocytes
Plamena R. Angelova,Vitaliy Kasymov,Isabel N. Christie,Shahriar SheikhBahaei,Egor A. Turovsky,Nephtali Marina,Alla Korsak,Jennifer D. Zwicker,Anja G. Teschemacher,Gareth L. Ackland,Gregory D. Funk,Sergey Kasparov,Andrey Y. Abramov,Alexander V. Gourine +13 more
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that the hypoxia sensor of astrocytes resides in the mitochondria in which oxygen is consumed, leading to mitochondrial depolarization, production of free radicals, lipid peroxidation, activation of phospholipase C, IP3 receptors, and release of Ca(2+) from the intracellular stores.
References
Nitric oxide mediates chemoreceptor inhibition in the cat carotid body
TL;DR: Findings suggest that two neural mechanisms may be involved in the inhibitory neural regulation of carotid body chemoreceptors, one of which appears to involve nitric oxide release from intralobular sensory C-fibers, which lie in close proximity to the chemoreceptor type I cells.
83
Adenosine-induced respiratory stimulation in man depends on site of infusion. Evidence for an action on the carotid body?
TL;DR: The hypothesis that adenosine-induced respiratory stimulation in man is mediated in the carotid body is supported.
Restoration of hypoxic respiratory responses in the awake rat after carotid body denervation by sinus nerve section.
TL;DR: The studies support the hypothesis that central neural reorganization provides compensation for loss of carotid body function by enhancement of effects of normally subsidiary inputs.
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•Book
The Carotid Body Chemoreceptors
Constancio Gonzalez
- 01 Jan 1997
TL;DR: The book provides specialists in cellular physiology with a picture of the significance of the carotid body in the physiology of the intact organism, and provides system physiologists contact with the mechanisms involved in the genesis of the responses observed.
81
Activation of P2X receptors for adenosine triphosphate evokes cardiorespiratory reflexes in anaesthetized rats
TL;DR: The hypothesis that P2X receptor subtypes for ATP are associated with specific sensory nerves that form part of the homeostatic mechanism for cardiovascular and respiratory regulation and these receptors therefore have physiological, pathological and therapeutic significance is supported.
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