Peripheral Chemoreceptors: Function and Plasticity of the Carotid Body
Prem Kumar,Nanduri R. Prabhakar +1 more
524
TL;DR: The goal of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of current concepts on sensory transduction and transmission of the hypoxic stimulus at the carotid body with an emphasis on integrating cellular mechanisms with the whole organ responses and highlighting the gaps or discrepancies in knowledge.
read more
Abstract: The discovery of the sensory nature of the carotid body dates back to the beginning of the 20th century. Following these seminal discoveries, research into carotid body mechanisms moved forward progressively through the 20th century, with many descriptions of the ultrastructure of the organ and stimulus-response measurements at the level of the whole organ. The later part of 20th century witnessed the first descriptions of the cellular responses and electrophysiology of isolated and cultured type I and type II cells, and there now exist a number of testable hypotheses of chemotransduction. The goal of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of current concepts on sensory transduction and transmission of the hypoxic stimulus at the carotid body with an emphasis on integrating cellular mechanisms with the whole organ responses and highlighting the gaps or discrepancies in our knowledge. It is increasingly evident that in addition to hypoxia, the carotid body responds to a wide variety of blood-borne stimuli, including reduced glucose and immune-related cytokines and we therefore also consider the evidence for a polymodal function of the carotid body and its implications. It is clear that the sensory function of the carotid body exhibits considerable plasticity in response to the chronic perturbations in environmental O2 that is associated with many physiological and pathological conditions. The mechanisms and consequences of carotid body plasticity in health and disease are discussed in the final sections of this article.
read more
Chat with Paper
AI Agents for this Paper
Find similar papers on Google Scholar, PubMed and Arxiv
Write a critical review of this paper
Analyze citations of this paper to find unaddressed research gaps
Citations
Adaptive and Maladaptive Cardiorespiratory Responses to Continuous and Intermittent Hypoxia Mediated by Hypoxia-Inducible Factors 1 and 2
TL;DR: This review focuses on the mechanisms of HIF activation and their roles in physiological and pathophysiological responses to hypoxia, with an emphasis on the cardiorespiratory systems.
Neural Control of Breathing and CO2 Homeostasis
TL;DR: The neural circuits underlying central command and muscle afferent control of breathing remain elusive and represent a fertile area for future investigation.
413
The fetal brain sparing response to hypoxia: physiological mechanisms
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that major components of fetal brain sparing during acute hypoxia are triggered exclusively by a carotid chemoreflex and that they are modified by endocrine agents and vascular oxidant tone.
319
Autonomic adjustments to exercise in humans.
TL;DR: The goal is to provide a detailed review of the parasympathetic and sympathetic changes that occur with exercise distinguishing between the onset of exercise and steady-state conditions, when appropriate.
266
Functional Oxygen Sensitivity of Astrocytes
Plamena R. Angelova,Vitaliy Kasymov,Isabel N. Christie,Shahriar SheikhBahaei,Egor A. Turovsky,Nephtali Marina,Alla Korsak,Jennifer D. Zwicker,Anja G. Teschemacher,Gareth L. Ackland,Gregory D. Funk,Sergey Kasparov,Andrey Y. Abramov,Alexander V. Gourine +13 more
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that the hypoxia sensor of astrocytes resides in the mitochondria in which oxygen is consumed, leading to mitochondrial depolarization, production of free radicals, lipid peroxidation, activation of phospholipase C, IP3 receptors, and release of Ca(2+) from the intracellular stores.
References
Hypertension caused by chronic intermittent hypoxia--influence of chemoreceptors and sympathetic nervous system
TL;DR: The data imply that repetitive hypoxemia in SAS is probably the cause of the high prevalence of systemic hypertension in this population and that peripheral chemoreceptors and the sympathetic nervous system play important roles in this pathophysiologic process.
318
Co‐release of ATP and ACh mediates hypoxic signalling at rat carotid body chemoreceptors
TL;DR: ATP and ACh are co‐transmitters during chemotransduction in the rat carotid body and P2X2 labelling in the CB co‐localized with nerve‐terminal markers, and was intimately associated with TH‐positive type 1 cells.
318
Induction of HIF‐1α expression by intermittent hypoxia: Involvement of NADPH oxidase, Ca2+ signaling, prolyl hydroxylases, and mTOR
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that ROS‐dependent Ca2+ signaling pathways involving phospholipase Cγ (PLCγ) and protein kinase C activation are required for IH‐evoked HIF‐1α accumulation and mTOR‐dependent protein synthesis is required for the persistent elevation of HIF-1α levels during re‐oxygenation.
316
Effects of hypoxia on membrane potential and intracellular calcium in rat neonatal carotid body type I cells.
TL;DR: The effects of hypoxia on membrane potential and [Ca2+]i in enzymically isolated type I cells of the neonatal rat carotid body (the principal respiratory O2 chemosensor) are studied.
310
Cellular mechanisms involved in CO2 and acid signaling in chemosensitive neurons
TL;DR: A multiple factors model is proposed for central chemosensitive neurons in which multiple signals that affect multiple ion channel targets result in the final neuronal response to changes in CO(2)/H(+).
309