Performance and cost of materials for lithium-based rechargeable automotive batteries

TL;DR: In this article, a machine learning method was used to predict battery lifetime before the onset of capacity degradation with high accuracy. But, the prediction often cannot be made unless a battery has already degraded significantly.

TL;DR: This Review covers a sequence of key discoveries and technical achievements that eventually led to the birth of the lithium-ion battery and sheds light on the history with the advantage of contemporary hindsight to aid in the ongoing quest for better batteries of the future.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss how to pave the way for developing rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs), including an analysis of the problems encountered in both cathode/anode materials and electrolyte optimization.

TL;DR: In this article, Manthiram et al. discuss several important design considerations for high-nickel layered oxide cathodes that will be implemented in the automotive market for the coming decade.

TL;DR: The battery performance and cost model (BatPaC) developed at Argonne National Laboratory for lithium-ion battery packs used in automotive transportation is the only publically available model that performs a bottom-up battery design and cost calculation.

Abstract: This report details the Battery Performance and Cost model (BatPaC) developed at Argonne National Laboratory for lithium-ion battery packs used in automotive transportation. The model designs the battery for a specified power, energy, and type of vehicle battery. The cost of the designed battery is then calculated by accounting for every step in the lithium-ion battery manufacturing process. The assumed annual production level directly affects each process step. The total cost to the original equipment manufacturer calculated by the model includes the materials, manufacturing, and warranty costs for a battery produced in the year 2020 (in 2010 US$). At the time this report is written, this calculation is the only publically available model that performs a bottom-up lithium-ion battery design and cost calculation. Both the model and the report have been publically peer-reviewed by battery experts assembled by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. This report and accompanying model include changes made in response to the comments received during the peer-review. The purpose of the report is to document the equations and assumptions from which the model has been created. A user of the model will be able to recreate the calculations and perhaps more importantly, understand the driving forces for the results. Instructions for use and an illustration of model results are also presented. Almost every variable in the calculation may be changed by the user to represent a system different from the default values pre-entered into the program. The distinct advantage of using a bottom-up cost and design model is that the entire power-to-energy space may be traversed to examine the correlation between performance and cost. The BatPaC model accounts for the physical limitations of the electrochemical processes within the battery. Thus, unrealistic designs are penalized in energy density and cost, unlike cost models based on linear extrapolations. Additionally, the consequences on cost and energy density from changes in cell capacity, parallel cell groups, and manufacturing capabilities are easily assessed with the model. New proposed materials may also be examined to translate bench-scale values to the design of full-scale battery packs providing realistic energy densities and prices to the original equipment manufacturer. The model will be openly distributed to the public in the year 2011. Currently, the calculations are based in a Microsoft{reg_sign} Office Excel spreadsheet. Instructions are provided for use; however, the format is admittedly not user-friendly. A parallel development effort has created an alternate version based on a graphical user-interface that will be more intuitive to some users. The version that is more user-friendly should allow for wider adoption of the model.

TL;DR: In this article, the standard electrolyte salt in commercial batteries, LIPF 6, was replaced by new imide and sulfonate anion based salts, with enhanced stability.

TL;DR: With this approach, a differentiation between "simple" irreversible capacities and truly detrimental "active Li losses" is possible and, thus, Coulombic efficiency can be directly related to the remaining useable cell capacity for the first time.