Particle spectrum in the quantum field theory

TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that nonperturbative entities such as solitons and instantons saturate bounds on entropy when the theory saturates unitarity and the entropy becomes equal to the area of the soliton/instanton.

TL;DR: In this article, a D-brane inspired model with the monopole carrying three quanta of Dirac magnetic charge is presented, which is comparable with the detection energies of cosmic ray monopoles at IceCube and other cosmic ray experiments.

TL;DR: In this paper, the Effective String Theory (EST) description of confinement in pure gauge theories is discussed and the behavior of EST as the temperature is increased, and it is shown that, as the deconfinement point is approached from below, several universal features of confining gauge theories, like the ratio Tc/σ0, the linear increase of the squared width of the flux tube with the interquark distance, or the temperature dependence of the inter-quark potential, can be accurately predicted by the effective string.

TL;DR: In this paper , the authors discuss how in SO(10) grand unification an observable number density of topologically stable intermediate mass (∼ 1014 GeV) monopoles survive inflation driven by a Coleman-Weinberg potential and non-minimal coupling of the inflaton field to gravity.