Parkinsonism and Related Disorders

TL;DR: It is concluded that the cytokines from activated microglia in the SN and putamen may be initially neuroprotective, but may later become neurotoxic during the progress of PD.

TL;DR: Alcohol intake assessment methods were reviewed and it was found that methods that enquire about both the frequency and amount consumed, for beer, wine, and liquor, separately, will yield the most realistic levels of intake.

TL;DR: Some evidence will be provided that several cerebellar modules may be involved in the control of individual muscles using retrograde transneuronal tracing with rabies virus, suggesting that modules not only differ in their input and output relations but also may differ in operational capabilities.

TL;DR: In all tasks, the children with autism adapted their motor output by forming a predictive internal model, as exhibited through after-effects, and the mechanisms of acquisition and adaptation of internal models in self-generated movements appeared normal in autism.

TL;DR: Functional and disease-associated mutations in conserved residues reveal the critical link between intrinsic guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) activity and downstream kinase activity, suggesting a link between LRRK2Kinase activity and pathogenic mechanisms relating to neurodegeneration and supporting a gain-of-function role for L RRK2 mutations.

TL;DR: This work presents a 'best guess' for a typical individual presenting with PD in their sixties and speculate that the disease will last approximately 40 years from the earliest non-motor features to death.

TL;DR: This paper presents a meta-modelling framework for estimating the modeled effects of SAS Macros on several different groups of subjects and shows how these effects can vary widely in different experimental groups.

TL;DR: Movement-related frequency-specific changes in synchronization occur in the basal ganglia and extend to involve subcortico-cortical motor loops in the frequency domain, which might provide a means for temporal co-ordination within and across different processing streams in thebasal ganglia.