Parkinsonism and Related Disorders

TL;DR: It is concluded that the cytokines from activated microglia in the SN and putamen may be initially neuroprotective, but may later become neurotoxic during the progress of PD.

TL;DR: Alcohol intake assessment methods were reviewed and it was found that methods that enquire about both the frequency and amount consumed, for beer, wine, and liquor, separately, will yield the most realistic levels of intake.

TL;DR: Some evidence will be provided that several cerebellar modules may be involved in the control of individual muscles using retrograde transneuronal tracing with rabies virus, suggesting that modules not only differ in their input and output relations but also may differ in operational capabilities.

TL;DR: In all tasks, the children with autism adapted their motor output by forming a predictive internal model, as exhibited through after-effects, and the mechanisms of acquisition and adaptation of internal models in self-generated movements appeared normal in autism.

TL;DR: The pattern of cognitive deficits seen among patients using the Mini-Mental State Examination, a pattern recognition task, and the Tower of London task suggests that sub-groups of patients based on cognitive ability might be identifiable even in the early stages of disease, which may reflect regional differences in the underlying neuropathological processes.

TL;DR: An overview of the clinical spectrum of non‐motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease is provided together with a brief review of treatment options.

TL;DR: The results suggest that it may not be the stress of bereavement, per se, that puts individuals at risk for long-term mental and physical health impairments and adverse health behaviors.

TL;DR: The literature supports the use of formal screening instruments over other clinical measures to increase the recognition of alcohol problems in primary care and increased adherence to methodological standards for diagnostic tests.