Parkinsonism and Related Disorders

TL;DR: It is concluded that the cytokines from activated microglia in the SN and putamen may be initially neuroprotective, but may later become neurotoxic during the progress of PD.

TL;DR: Alcohol intake assessment methods were reviewed and it was found that methods that enquire about both the frequency and amount consumed, for beer, wine, and liquor, separately, will yield the most realistic levels of intake.

TL;DR: Some evidence will be provided that several cerebellar modules may be involved in the control of individual muscles using retrograde transneuronal tracing with rabies virus, suggesting that modules not only differ in their input and output relations but also may differ in operational capabilities.

TL;DR: In all tasks, the children with autism adapted their motor output by forming a predictive internal model, as exhibited through after-effects, and the mechanisms of acquisition and adaptation of internal models in self-generated movements appeared normal in autism.

TL;DR: Genome-wide associations and re-sequencing projects, together with gene-environment interaction studies, are expected to further define the causal role of genetic determinants in the pathogenesis of PD, and improve prevention and treatment.

TL;DR: The ACE is a brief and reliable bedside instrument for early detection of dementia, and offers a simple objective index to differentiate AD and FTD in mildly demented patients.

TL;DR: The feasibility of rapid data acquisition and the use of multi-site 3T MRI and neurophysiological motor measures in a large multicentre study is shown, providing evidence for quantifiable biological and clinical alterations in HTT expansion carriers compared with age-matched controls.