Overspecified references

TL;DR: The 3D virtual worlds (3DVWs) were widely used for language learning in the past two decades as discussed by the authors, and although numerous research studies acknowledged the affordance, a full-scale investigation that discuss...

TL;DR: This paper examined the extent to which naive participants are sensitive to the Maxim of Quantity and concluded that people are only moderately Gricean, and used the Visual World Paradigm to assess listeners' moment-by-moment interpretations of over-described utterances.

TL;DR: Results showed that the amount of interactivity among students and the nature of that interactivity were positively affected through the use of task-based virtual activities, and higher levels of conversation were developed when tasks focused on culture.

TL;DR: This article found a positive correlation between how important colour is for objects and how likely speakers are to produce colour overspecification when referring to those objects, and also found that speakers tend to produce color over-specification for geometrical figures, even though colour is considered of low importance for this category.

TL;DR: Findings using an electrophysiological brain component, the N400, that reveal the nature and timing of semantic memory use during language comprehension support a view of memory in which world knowledge is distributed across multiple, plastic-yet-structured, largely modality-specific processing areas, and in which meaning is an emergent, temporally extended process.

TL;DR: In this article, short and long-term retention of ten unfamiliar words was investigated in three learning tasks (reading comprehension, comprehension plus filling in target words, and composition-writing with target words) with varying involvement loads.

TL;DR: TBLT's 10 methodological principles are briefly defined and motivated, and illustrations provided of how the principles can inform choices among technological options in the particular case of distance learning for the less commonly taught languages.

TL;DR: It is proposed that mutual knowledge is not distinct from other knowledge relevant for language processing, and exerts early effects on processing in proportion to its salience and reliability.