On the control elements of voluntary movements.

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that a gentle small finger tap produces well-defined anticipatory natural synergies behaving as the most “classical” APAs: (1) they are distributed to several upper-limb muscles creating a postural chain aiming to prevent the effects of the interaction torques generated by the voluntary movement; (2) they change in amplitude according to the level of postural stability and (3) they revert in sign when movement direction is reverted.

TL;DR: In frail individuals, it was concluded that the control of the CoP displacement evolved from a proactive mode in which the perturbation associated with the arm movement is anticipated toward a more reactive mode inWhich the perturgation is compensated by late and delayed adjustments.

TL;DR: Particular emphasis is given to intra-limb APAs preceding index-finger flexion, because their relatively simple biomechanics and the fact that muscular actions were limited to a single arm allowed peculiar investigations, leading to important conclusions.

TL;DR: Investigation of anticipatory and compensatory postural adjustments and their interaction suggests that in conditions where vision is available, vision overrules simultaneously available proprioceptive information from the support, and that using a non-stabilizing support could be a valuable strategy to improve postural control when visual information is not available or compromised.