Why does the lower conductivity in gel result in higher viscosity?

The reason for lower conductivity in gel originates from entrapping of liquid phase in polymer matrix: this results in higher viscosity and decrease of the mobility of charge carries.

What is the ionic conductivity of the proton-conducting GPE?

70% of the initial room temperature capacitance is still retained at!40 Cwhich is remarkable feature of the proton-conducting GPE electrolyte.

What is the reason for the decrease in conductivity in gel?

It was shown that with decreasing the polymer content in gel, the conductivity increased, combined with the decrease in viscosity of samples [36].

What is the spectral structure of diphenyl phosphate?

In the spectra of diphenyl phosphate, the bands with the strong intensity can be distinguish and assigned to P]O, PeOeH and PeOeC stretching vibrations.

What is the yPeOeH band in the spectral spectra?

A band, that shall be attributed to PeOeC stretching vibrations of diphenyl phosphate, appears at 963 (in solid) and 938 cm-1 (in solution containing the ester at 40 wt.%).

How is the characterization of a supercapacitor cell achieved?

the electrochemical characterization of a supercapacitor cell using activated carbon electrodes and the GPE electrolyte has been achieved in a large temperature range (from !40 C to 80 C).

What is the ionic conductivity of the activated carbons in the electrolytes?

Stępniak et al. reported capacitance as high as 130 F g!1 for activated carbons in PAAM based electrolytes together with H2SO4 aqueous solution.

What is the effect of the loss of hydrogen bonds between the ester molecules?

This change in the peak position is indicative of the loss of hydrogen bonds between the ester molecules, and it indirectly implies protonation of the solvent.

What is the effect of the temperature on the capacitance of the cell?

The observed increase in capacitance following the increase of temperature reflects obviously the temperature dependent increases in the ionic conductivity or, in other words, results from the improved ionic mobilities at higher temperatures (see Fig. 2b).

What is the effect of the decrease in the series resistance?

The decrease in the series resistance from the initial value measured at ambient conditions (95 U cm2) down to a low value of 25 U cm2 at 80 C shall be noted and attributed to the system's higher ionic conductivity at 80 C (1.1 mS cm!1 as shown in Fig. 2a).

What is the difference between a battery and an EC?

In comparison to batteries, ECs are typically characterized by lower specific energy but much higher specific power, in addition to longer cycle life [1e5].

Open AccessJournal Article10.1016/J.JPOWSOUR.2014.10.094

Non-aqueous gel polymer electrolyte with phosphoric acid ester and its application for quasi solid-state supercapacitors

Q: What is the mechanism of proton transport?

The proton transport is achieved via a Grotthus type mechanism, as previously observed in GPE with phosphoric acid as a proton donor [36].

Anna A. Łatoszyńska, +7 more

- 15 Jan 2015

- Journal of Power Sources

- Vol. 274, pp 1147-1154

TL;DR: In this paper, a mechanically stable non-aqueous proton-conducting gel polymer electrolyte that is based on methacrylate monomers is considered for application in solid-state type supercapacitors.

About: This article is published in Journal of Power Sources. The article was published on 15 Jan 2015. and is currently open access. The article focuses on the topics: Electrolyte & Double-layer capacitance.

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Most frequently asked questions

1. What is the main role of polymer matrix in gel electrolytes?

The elastic properties depend on the solvent content [36] and the main role of polymer matrix is to assure good structural integrity [31].

2. Why did the voltage window and temperature range of the device be affected?

due to the presence of water, the operation voltage window (0.8 V) and indirectly the device energy density (3.5 Wh kg!1), as well as the operation temperature range [24] were deeply affected.

3. What is the simplest explanation for the lower conductivity in PC?

The lower proton conductivity in PC based systems can be assigned to lower charge mobility because of the solvent's higher viscosity (2.5 cP) in comparison to DMF (0.8 cP) [36].

4. What is the mechanism of proton transport in PC?

DMF is a protophilic solvent by itself that contributes to proton conduction according to the Grotthus-type proton-exchange conduction transport.

Table 1 Conductivities of polymer electrolytes containing DPhHPO4 solutions together with calculated activation energy values (Ea) and the glass transition temperatures determinate by DSC (Tg). Samples contains 12.5 wt.% of polymer matrix and PCeDMF (30 wt.% of DMF in solvent mixture).

Fig. 2. Ionic conductivity electrolytes as a function of inverse temperature for the P(HEMA-co-MMA) based gel electrolytes containing different concentration of proton donor, where a) a comparison of H3PO4 and DPhHPO4 and b) different concentration of DPhHPO4. Samples contains 12.5 wt.% of polymer (where 60 wt.% is HEMA and 40 wt.% MMA) in DMFePC solvent mixture (30 wt.% of DMF).

Fig. 4. DSC plot for P(HEMA-co-MMA) based electrolyte (where 12.5 wt.% is polymer matrix) with 15 wt.% of diphenyl phosphate content and PCeDMF solvent mixture.

Fig. 3. A comparison of FTIR spectra of crystalline ester (dotted line) with DPhHPO4PC-DMF solutions containing different ester concentration a) region characteristic for ester vibrations b) the influence of a solvent on the position of diphenyl phosphate characteristic bands.

Fig. 5. Room temperature electrochemical characterization of symmetrical supercapacitor with polymer gel electrolyte: a 3-electrode CV collected at 1 mV s!1 (a) and corresponding Nyquist plot (b).

Fig. 6. CV of symmetrical supercapacitor with polymer gel electrolyte carried out with different scan rate.

Citations

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- Electrochimica Acta

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- 01 Jan 2020

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A comparative study of various polyelectrolyte/nanocomposite electrode combinations in symmetric supercapacitors

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- 21 Jun 2019

- International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

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•Journal Article•10.1016/J.JPOWSOUR.2016.08.032

Thermostable gel polymer electrolyte based on succinonitrile and ionic liquid for high-performance solid-state supercapacitors

Gaind P. Pandey, +6 more

- 01 Oct 2016

- Journal of Power Sources

TL;DR: A flexible, free-standing, thermostable gel polymer electrolyte based on plastic crystalline succinonitrile (SN) and ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMImBF4) entrapped in copolymer poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP) was prepared and optimized for application in solvent-free solid-state supercapacitors as discussed by the authors.

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TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared the power density characteristics of ultracapacitors and batteries with respect to the same charge/discharge efficiency and showed that the battery can achieve energy densities of 10 Wh/kg or higher with a power density of 1-2 kW/kg.

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