Almost three decades ago, the field of nonlinear optics evolved with the discovery of lasers. In the beginning, nonlinear optical (NLO) phenomena were investigated in inorganic materials, leading to the development of traditional NLO materials such as lithium niobate, potassium titanyl phosphate, quartz and gallium arsenide. In the 1970s, the importance of organic materials was realized because of the promise of large NLO responses, high laser damage thresholds, fast optical responses, architectural flexibility and ease of fabrication. Following work with organic materials, the scrutiny of organometallics also began recently. In organometallics, the metal-ligand bonding is expected to display large molecular hyperpolarizability because of the transfer of electron density between the metal atom and the conjugated ligand system. In organometallics, the diversity of central metals, oxidation states and ligands fosters in optimization of the charge-transfer interactions. Keeping this in view, second- and third-order NLO properties of organometallics have been reviewed here, highlighting new materials that are emerging. Organometallics may have a wide range of applications in opto-electronics including integrated optics, optical switching, telecommunications, bistability and modulation.

Organometallic materials for nonlinear optics

Studies in the field of laser science and technology have resulted in the creation of a unique passively mode-locked laser generating a continuous regular train of ultrashort pulses. The unique feature of this laser is that it combines the properties of a radiation source with the output spectrum consisting of numerous extremely narrow strictly equidistant spectral lines with the properties of a radiation source emitting ultrashort high-power laser pulses. This feature has permitted a wide range of remarkable results. The basic properties of continuous-wave passively mode-locked lasers are discussed and their main applications are considered.

Continuous-wave femtosecond lasers

Describes the phenomena fundamental to efficient optical frequency mixing of laser beams in transparent, acentric birefringent crystals, with particular emphasis on phase-matching, effective nonlinear coefficients and results for focused beams. Methods for measuring nonlinear coefficients, for predicting them by semi-empirical rules and for seeking improved crystals are reviewed. The properties of crystals known at this time to be useful for efficient phase-matched optical frequency mixing are tabulated; features important for the growth and preparation of samples with high optical quality are discussed. Recent achievements in applying the crystals are reviewed in sections on optical second-harmonic generation of laser light, optical parametric oscillators as tunable laser-like sources, infrared signal and image upconverters and difference-frequency generators. Applications to other technologies (piezoelectricity, pyroelectricity, electro-optic modulation) are briefly mentioned. Prospects of developing improved crystals or of using existing crystals in more sophisticated ways are assessed.

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0034-4885/36/5/001/pdf

Nonlinear optical crystals and their applications

R. V. Khokhlov's (1926-1977) papers on nonlinear optics and nonlinear acoustics are reviewed. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Nonlinear waves and nonlinear oscillations 589 2. Method of step-by-step simplification of truncated equations: Khokhlov's method 590 3. Approximate equations of nonlinear optics 592 3.1. Plane waves: Space-time analogies. 3.2. Diffraction of light in a nonlinear medium. 4. Method of a slowly varying profile: Khokhlov's method in nonlinear acoustics 596 5. Random nonlinear waves 599 6. Theory of the γ-ray laser; coherent x-ray optics 601 7. Autowaves; pronounced nonlinearities 602 8. Conclusion 602 References 604

Khokhlov's method in the theory of nonlinear waves

Spectroscopy with lasers

New developments in non-linear optics

Stimulated Thermal Rayleigh Scattering

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New developments in non-linear optics

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Organometallic materials for nonlinear optics

Continuous-wave femtosecond lasers

Nonlinear optical crystals and their applications

Khokhlov's method in the theory of nonlinear waves

Spectroscopy with lasers

References

Stimulated Thermal Rayleigh Scattering

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