Neurolinguistics: structural plasticity in the bilingual brain.
Andrea Mechelli,Jenny Crinion,Uta Noppeney,John P. O'Doherty,John Ashburner,Richard S. J. Frackowiak,Cathy J. Price +6 more
TL;DR: It is shown that learning a second language increases the density of grey matter in the left inferior parietal cortex and that the degree of structural reorganization in this region is modulated by the proficiency attained and the age at acquisition.
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Abstract: Humans have a unique ability to learn more than one language--a skill that is thought to be mediated by functional (rather than structural) plastic changes in the brain. Here we show that learning a second language increases the density of grey matter in the left inferior parietal cortex and that the degree of structural reorganization in this region is modulated by the proficiency attained and the age at acquisition. This relation between grey-matter density and performance may represent a general principle of brain organization.
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Distinct cortical areas associated with native and second languages
Karl H. S. Kim,Karl H. S. Kim,Norman R. Relkin,Kyoung Min Lee,Kyoung Min Lee,Joy Hirsch,Joy Hirsch +6 more
TL;DR: Functional magnetic resonance imaging is applied to determine the spatial relationship between native and second languages in the human cortex, and shows that within the frontal-lobe language-sensitive regions (Broca's area), second languages acquired in adulthood are spatially separated from native languages.
Distinct cortical areas associated with native and second languages
TL;DR: This paper used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to determine the spatial relationship between native and second languages in the human cortex, and showed that within the frontal-lobe language-sensitive regions (Broca's area)1,2,3, second languages acquired in adulthood (late’ bilingual subjects) are spatially separated from native languages.
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