Neural correlates of cognitive processing in monolinguals and bilinguals.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that lifelong practice managing two languages orchestrates global changes to both the structure and function of the brain, and this shift for bilinguals to rely more on subcortical/posterior regions helps to explain why bilinguals experience cognitive decline at later stages of development than monolinguals.
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Abstract: Here, we review the neural correlates of cognitive control associated with bilingualism. We demonstrate that lifelong practice managing two languages orchestrates global changes to both the structure and function of the brain. Compared with monolinguals, bilinguals generally show greater gray matter volume, especially in perceptual/motor regions, greater white matter integrity, and greater functional connectivity between gray matter regions. These changes complement electroencephalography findings showing that bilinguals devote neural resources earlier than monolinguals. Parallel functional findings emerge from the functional magnetic resonance imaging literature: bilinguals show reduced frontal activity, suggesting that they do not need to rely on top-down mechanisms to the same extent as monolinguals. This shift for bilinguals to rely more on subcortical/posterior regions, which we term the bilingual anterior-to-posterior and subcortical shift (BAPSS), fits with results from cognitive aging studies and helps to explain why bilinguals experience cognitive decline at later stages of development than monolinguals.
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Redefining bilingualism as a spectrum of experiences that differentially affects brain structure and function
TL;DR: The results demonstrate that differences in bilingual language experiences confer a range of systematic outcomes in terms of brain/mind adaptations, and strongly support a shift away from traditional designs with bilingual vs. monolingual comparisons and toward an approach of modeling the experiences within bilingualism that give rise to neurocognitive adaptations.
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TL;DR: Results from brain imaging studies of healthy adults and on the performance of bilingual individuals with brain damage are discussed and the current knowledge about the neural basis of these control systems is reviewed.
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The effects of bilingualism on executive functions: an updated quantitative analysis
John G. Grundy
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TL;DR: The authors reported a Bayesian analysis of 167 independent studies to support this claim with a Bayes Factor classified as “decisive evidence for the alternative (BF10 −1.91 −2.91 -× 108).
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