Neural correlates of cognitive processing in monolinguals and bilinguals.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that lifelong practice managing two languages orchestrates global changes to both the structure and function of the brain, and this shift for bilinguals to rely more on subcortical/posterior regions helps to explain why bilinguals experience cognitive decline at later stages of development than monolinguals.
read more
Abstract: Here, we review the neural correlates of cognitive control associated with bilingualism. We demonstrate that lifelong practice managing two languages orchestrates global changes to both the structure and function of the brain. Compared with monolinguals, bilinguals generally show greater gray matter volume, especially in perceptual/motor regions, greater white matter integrity, and greater functional connectivity between gray matter regions. These changes complement electroencephalography findings showing that bilinguals devote neural resources earlier than monolinguals. Parallel functional findings emerge from the functional magnetic resonance imaging literature: bilinguals show reduced frontal activity, suggesting that they do not need to rely on top-down mechanisms to the same extent as monolinguals. This shift for bilinguals to rely more on subcortical/posterior regions, which we term the bilingual anterior-to-posterior and subcortical shift (BAPSS), fits with results from cognitive aging studies and helps to explain why bilinguals experience cognitive decline at later stages of development than monolinguals.
read more
Chat with Paper
AI Agents for this Paper
Find similar papers on Google Scholar, PubMed and Arxiv
Write a critical review of this paper
Analyze citations of this paper to find unaddressed research gaps
Citations
Redefining bilingualism as a spectrum of experiences that differentially affects brain structure and function
TL;DR: The results demonstrate that differences in bilingual language experiences confer a range of systematic outcomes in terms of brain/mind adaptations, and strongly support a shift away from traditional designs with bilingual vs. monolingual comparisons and toward an approach of modeling the experiences within bilingualism that give rise to neurocognitive adaptations.
358
Understanding structural plasticity in the bilingual brain: The Dynamic Restructuring Model
TL;DR: This article revisited the available evidence from simultaneous and sequential bilinguals, multilinguals, interpreters, bimodal bilinguals and children, patients and healthy older adults from the perspective of experience-based neuroplasticity.
Neural basis of bilingual language control
TL;DR: Results from brain imaging studies of healthy adults and on the performance of bilingual individuals with brain damage are discussed and the current knowledge about the neural basis of these control systems is reviewed.
How does bilingualism modify cognitive function? Attention to the mechanism
TL;DR: This article examined the componential view of EF with its central role for inhibition and argued that it provides a poor fit to both bilingual experience and the results of these studies, and proposed a more holistic account based on attentional control.
The effects of bilingualism on executive functions: an updated quantitative analysis
John G. Grundy
- 28 Aug 2020
TL;DR: The authors reported a Bayesian analysis of 167 independent studies to support this claim with a Bayes Factor classified as “decisive evidence for the alternative (BF10 −1.91 −2.91 -× 108).
108
References
Executive control in bilinguals: A concise review on fMRI studies.
Christos Pliatsikas,Gigi Luk +1 more
TL;DR: In this article, a review examines recent fMRI studies adopting executive control tasks with minimal or no linguistic demands, finding that brain regions supporting executive control significantly overlap with brain regions recruited for language control.
Altered Functional Connectivity Related to White Matter Changes inside the Working Memory Network at the Very Early Stage of MS
My-Van Au Duong,Bertrand Audoin,Kader Boulanouar,Daniella Ibarrola,Irina Malikova,Sylrane Confort-Gouny,Pierre Celsis,Jean Pelletier,Patrick J. Cozzone,Jean-Philippe Ranjeva +9 more
TL;DR: Altered functional connectivity is present inside the working memory network of patients at the very early stage of MS and is related to the extent of diffuse white matter changes.
104
Behavioral and Electrophysiological Differences in Executive Control Between Monolingual and Bilingual Children.
TL;DR: The conditions that lead to advantages for bilingual children in executive control are clarified and the first evidence linking those performance differences to electrophysiological brain differences in children is provided.
Inhibitory control in bilinguals and musicians: event related potential (ERP) evidence for experience-specific effects.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that bilingualism and music training have differential effects on the brain networks supporting executive control over behavior as well as event-related potentials in three groups who completed a visual go-nogo task.
Functional activity and white matter microstructure reveal the independent effects of age of acquisition and proficiency on second-language learning.
TL;DR: Functional magnetic resonance imaging with diffusion tensor imaging is combined to identify specific brain areas that are independently modulated by AoA and proficiency in second language speakers, indicating that proficiency and AoA explain separate functional and structural networks in the bilingual brain.
93